31. I'm on da farm, and why does my baby look like that?

What congenital abnormality causes ankylosis of the limb and could have cleft palpate, scoliosis, and kyphosis?

arthrogryposis

Arthrogryposis is seen in what breed of cattle due to an autosomal recessive?

Charolais

What are the the toxins that causes Arthrogryposis? (3)

- lupines

- hemlock

- tree tobacco

When in gestation does ingestion of lupines leads to arthrogryposis?

40-70 days

What are the TWO viral diseases that can lead to arthrogryposis?

- akabane

- BT

What is the other name for arthrogryposis multiplex? What is the pathogenesis?

- Curly Calf Syndrome

- lethal autosomal recessive mutation

What are the characteristics of Curly Calf Syndrome? (3)

- small for gestation age

- markedly diminished muscle mass

- congenital arthrogryposis, scoliosis, torticollis

What congenital abnormality is inherited monogenetic autosomal recessive that is seen in Brown Swiss cattle and Fleckvieh/ Simmental?

Bovine arachnomelia syndrome

What are the characteristics of Bovine arachnomelia syndrome?

- stillborn with skeletal abnormalities including a "spidery appearance of the limbs

- marking thinning of the diaphysis and an abnormally shaped skull

You go out to a Brown Swiss farm. One of the cows had a stillborn calf that has spidery appearance of the limb. You decide to take an Xray of the limbs and they look like this. What congenital defect does this calf have?

Bovine arachnomelia syndrome

What is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of the urea cycle where there is lack of functional argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1), preventing normal conversion of ammonia to urea?

Bovine citrullinemia

What does Bovine citrullinemia result in?

in rapid accumulation of ammonia and citrulline, resulting in severe neurologic dysfunction and death within days

What breed of cattle is predisposed to Bovine citrullinemia?

Holstein

You have a 4 hour old Holstein, Bessie. She was born normal nut with 24 hours of her birth she was depressed, wander aimlessly, head pressing and grinding her teeth. Five days later, she is recumbent and convulsing. What disease is causing this and where is the lesion?

- Bovine citrullinemia

- Mild to moderate diffuse astroglial swelling in the cerebrocortical gray matter and mild to severe hepatocellular hydropic degeneration

What are the breeds of cattle that have heritable dwarfism? (8)

- Angus

- Brown Swiss

- Danish Red

- Dexter

- Hereford

- Holstein

- Japanese Brown

- shorthorn breeds

Dexter bulldog dwarfism is a _____ lethal mutation/Autosomal recessive.

homozygous

In calves that have dexter bulldog dwarfism, when are they generally aborted?

~ 7 months of gestation

What are the characteristics of Dexter bulldog dwarfism? (5)

-extreme disproportionate dwarfism

- a short vertebral column,

- marked micromelia

- large abdominal hernia

-relatively large head with a retruded muzzle, cleft palate, and protruding tongue

There are 2 discrete mutation in what gene for Dexter bulldog dwarfism?

aggrecan (ACAN) gene

What phenotype is desired that leads to dexter bulldog dwarfism?

short leg phenotype

Dwarfism in the Aberdeen Angus is a autosomal recessive mutation in what gene?

PRKF2 gene

What are the characteristics of a Aberdeen Angus with dwarfism?

• Calves appeared normal at birth

• Failed to grow, and after several months appeared to have abnormally short legs and thick bodies

T/F Aberdeen Angus with dwarfism is usually due to diminished endochondral ossification

True

What is the lethal malformation in the Holstein breed where stillborn calf following a slightly prolonged gestation where most of the calf's vertebral segment lacks organization with irregular ossification separated by cores of cartilage?

Brachyspina syndrome

What is a common defect in the internal organs in calves that have Brachyspina syndrome?

- Renal dysplasia and intestinal atresia

- Inconsistently present

- Brachygnathism and caudal dislocation and compression of the brain

Complex vertebral malformation is an autosomal recessive lethal trait that is seen in what breed and where does it stem from?

Holstein- Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell

What are the characteristics of Complex vertebral malformation in holsteins? (5)

• Embryonic death, abortion, and perinatal death

• Axial skeletal deformities (e.g., hemi- and mis-shaped vertebra, ankylosis of mainly the cervicothoracic vertebra, and scoliosis)

• Symmetric arthrogryposis of the lower limbs

• Craniofacial dysmorphism

• Cardiac anomalies

What is the non lethal autosomal recessive abnormality that lead to a calf that was born normal to develop the defect involving reduced elasticity of the connective tissue of muscles?

Congenital contractual arachnodacty

What is the breed and gene that gets the congenital disease of Crooked tail syndrome?

• Belgian Blue

• MRC2 gene

What are the characteristics of Crooked tail syndrome?

• Deviation of the tail

• General growth retardation manifested at approximately 1 month of age

• Abnormal skull shape manifested as a shortened broad head

• Extreme muscular hypertrophy

What is the lethal autosomal recessive disease in the holstein that leads to early embryonic mortality during implantation in the uterus +/- fetal mummification?

Deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase (DUMPS)

Developmental duplication is an autosomal ____ trait seen the the Angus and it is typically in the ____(limb)____

recessive, forelimb

What congenital abnormality is seen in Angus where there is an unusual fawn-like hind limb conformation of affected calves

at birth leading to abnormal muscle contracture decreases dramatically as a calf ages, although muscle development always remains poor?

Fawn calf syndrome

How would you describe Fawn calf syndrome adults?

"tall and skinny" (twin)

Congenital proximal joint contracture with distal joint hyperlaxity is most pronounced in the _______ and readily distinguished from the congenital distal joint flexion contracture observed sporadically in the forelimbs of large calves that experience movement restriction due to "crowding" in utero

hind limbs

What congenital abnormality is known as idiopathic epilepsy and typically seen in the Herford?

Inherited congenital myoclonus

T/F Inherited congenital myoclonus is an autosomal dominant trait that is incompatible with life

False, autosomal recessive

What are the characteristics of Inherited congenital myoclonus?

spontaneous and stimulus-responsive myoclonic spasms that are prenatal and prevent calves from rising at birth

T/F Calves can be born with the normal phenotype but environmental stressors can trigger the seizures the seizures can last from minutes to more than 1 hour

True

Bovine ICM has been attributed to a severe disturbance of _____-mediated neurotransmission in the spinal cord

glycine

You have a Finnish Ayrshire, LouLou, that was born as a stillborn due to a late term abortion . Lou was half the average normal birthweight for the breed, and the lungs are not inflated. What congenital abnormality does she have and what is causing it?

Microdeletion in the maternally imprinted Peg3 domain due to loss of paternal MIMT1 expression

What disease is seen in Jersey cattle that is a simple lethal autosomal recessive gene where the calf is unable to stand due to incompletely formed ligaments, muscles, tendons, and

joints

Limber Leg

What congenital abnormality is present when there is partial or complete agenesis of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal area

with posterior bimelic arthrogryposis?

Perosomus Elumbis

He skipped leg day 👿

this is Perosomus Elumbis

What autosomal recessive disease is seen in cattle and swine where they have mule foot disease and it may be associated with hyperthermia from high ambient temps?

Syndactylism

What is mule food disease?

Non-division or fusion of the digits

What are the feature of Schistosomus reflexus (fetal monster) ? (4)

- spinal inversion

- exposure of the abdominal viscera because of a fissure of the

ventral abdominal wall

- limb ankylosis

- positioning of the limbs adjacent to the skull and, lung and diaphragm hypoplasia

How do you get rid of Schistosomus reflexus?

C section via the ventral midline ( so you can get the most exposure)

What lethal autosomal recessive disease seen in Maine-Anjou and Shorthorn leads to extreme SQ edema and undeveloped or poorly formed lungs?

Pulmonary hypoplasia and anasarca

Pulmonary hypoplasia and anasarca can lead to dystocia but why?

fetal maternal disproportion

What happens when there is a formation spherical structure covered with hairy skin that contains all parts if all 3 germ layers?

Amorphous globosus

What are some other things to note about an Amorphous globosus pregnancy?

• Lacks organs

• Twin pregnancies

• Live twin's circulation sustains it

• No gender

What is a congenital reproductive abnormality in white females offspring seen in Belgian blue and Shorthorn that affects the mullerian system leading them to being sterile?

White Heifer Disease

T/F White Heifer Disease leads to a messed up reproductive system due to the ovaries being atrophied

False, the ovaries are normal

What is produced in vitro or via somatic cell nucleus transfer that's seen with oversized calves leading to prolong gestation due to errors in placentation due to altered epigenetic signaling?

Abnormal Offspring Syndrome (AOS)

T/F Abnormal Offspring Syndrome (AOS) leads to higher hydrallantois risk

True

When will you expect to see fetal death in calves with Abnormal Offspring Syndrome (AOS)?

early in gestation

What occurs in Type 1 AOS?

Day 0-42 organogenesis

What happens in Type 2 AOS?

Day 42-280 abortions abnormalities associated to failure of fetoplacental unit

What happens in Type 3 AOS? (sorry:o )

• abnormalities can occur in the fetoplacental unit that are either less severe or that permit compensation by the fetus and placenta -> pregnancy to go to term

• compromised nonsurviving offspring exhibit altered clinical, hematological, or biochemical parameters

What happens in Type 4 AOS ?

• range of abnormalities can occur in fetoplacental development that are either less severe or permit compensation by the fetus and placenta -> neonatal calf survives

• offspring may still exhibit differences in anatomy, physiology, or metabolism compared with animals from nonmanipulated embryos.

Here's this if it helps you

What happens to an embryo that has AOS?

- ↓ embryo survival

- ↓ number of total cells

- abnormal ploidy

- alterend gene expression

What happens during conceptus when AOS is present?

- ↓ conceptus survival

- degeneration/ fragmentation

- altered trophoblast length

- altered gene expression

What happens to the fetus when AOS is present?

- ↑ fetal mortality

- ↑ body weight

- altered organ development

- altered gene expression

What happens to the placenta in a female that has AOS?

- ↑ placental weight

- abnormal placentomes

- abnormal vasculature

- edema

- Hydroallendosis

- altered gene expression

What happens to the calf when AOS is present?

- ↑ perinatal mortality

- ↑ birthweight

- ↑ congenital defects

-↑ respiratory problems

- altered sex ratio

What happens to the recipent when AOS is present?

- ↑ abortion

- ↑ gestation length

- ↑ dystocia

- altered endometrial gene expression

What are FIVE teratogenic plants?

• Broomweed

• Lupines

• Veratrum californicum

• Conium maculatum

• Nictoiana tabacum

What are the toxins in Gutierrezia?

- Monoterpenes

- Diterpenes,

- Saponins

- Oxygenated flavonol methyl esters

What are the clinical signs of Gutierrezia? (5)

• Abortion/premature birth, RFM, arthrogyposis

• Uterine edema/hydrops

• Vulvar swelling and udder edema

• GI-diarrhea

• Anorexia, wt loss, rough hair coat

What is this plant?

Gutierrezia

What is the toxic principles of Lupinus formosus ?

piperidine alkaloid ( Ammodendrine, Anagyrine)

What is the MOA of Lupinus formosus?

Neuromuscular blocking agent that prevents normal fetal movement

How long into gestation does it take multiple congenital contractures (MCC) to arrise?

Days 40 to 70 of gestation

What are the clinical signs of lupine?

- Arthrogryposis, torticollis, kyphosis, scoliosis, rib

cage deformities, and extension or flexure of the

carpal or tarsal joints

What happens to the cow that has lupine toxicity?

Salivation, depression, lethargy, reluctant to

move, convulsions, death

What is the toxic principle of Conium maculatum?

Piperidine alkaloid, N-methyl coniine

What is the MOA of Conium maculatum?

Neuromuscular blocking agent

When does Conium maculatum cause multiple congenital contractures (MCCs) in calves?

50-75d of gestation

What happens to the calf when there is Conium maculatum toxicity?

Arthrogryposis and spinal curvature due to inhibited fetal movement

T/F Poison hemlock causes cleft palate due to suppression of tongue movement

True

What is the toxic principle of Nicotiana glauca?

piperidine alkaloid

When does Nicotiana glauca cause problems?

50-75 day of gestation

What is the MOA of Nicotiana glauca?

Neuromuscular blocking agent

What are the clinical signs in ruminants of Nicotiana glauca?

Limb contracture (esp forelimbs)

When does Limb contracture (Esp forelims) happens in the pigs with Nicotiana glauca?

30-60 d gestation

When does cleft palate in pigs occur in pigs with Nicotiana glauca toxicity?

30 -40 days

What is the toxin found in Veratrum californicum?

Alkaloid - Cyclopamine

What is the MOA of Veratrum californicum?

• ↓ heart rate and blood pressure

• Teratogenic

What are the clinical signs of Veratrum californicum?

• Prolonged fetal development

• Deformities

How do you prevent Veratrum californicum?

• Frost kills plant - Delay breeding till after first frost or access

to pasture

• Breed ewes 5 weeks before placement on range

What are THREE pestiviruses that can cause pregnancy issues?

• BVDV

• Classical Swine fever

• Border Disease