Topic 3 Bones

Long bones are?

longer than they are wide

Carpals, tarsals, and the patella are examples of which type of bone?

short bones

Bones of the skull, ribs, and the sternum are examples of what bone?

flat bones

Vertebrae are what type of bone?

Irregular bone

The sacrum and os coxa are what type of bone?

irregular

What is the term for bones trapped within skull sutures?

wormian bones

Name the 5 pneumatic bones

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, temporal

Pneumatic bones contain what?

sinuses

What specific type of short bone occurs within a tendon?

sesamoid bones

What type of bone results from failure to fuse during development?

accessory bones

Where do heterotrophic bones develop?

Scar tissue

What bone cell creates bone matrix?

osteoblast

What bone cell maintains bone matrix?

osteocyte

What bone cell destroys bone matrix

osteoclast

The organic component of bone matrix is known as?

osteoid

What bone cell manufactures osteon?

osteoblasts

Osteon is composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and collagen which endows the bone with what kind of strength?

tensile strength

The inorganic component of bone matrix is known as?

hydroxyapatite

Where does hydroxyapatite come from?

blood plasma

Hydroxyapatite, which consists of salts, calcium, and phosphate endows the bone with what kind of strength?

compressional strength

The basic structural unit of a lamellar bone is known as?

the osteon

Which canal consists of nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics? (NAVaLs)

central canal

What structure of the bone allows for osteocytes to communicate and receive nutrients?

canaliculi

Spongy bone has plates of lamellar bone called what?

trabeculae

What does the red circle indicate?

spongy bone

What does the red circle indicate?

epiphyseal line

What does the red circle indicate?

periosteum

What does the red circle indicate?

compact bone

What does the red circle indicate?

medullary cavity

The medullary cavity is lined with what?

endosteum

The gray box indicates what structure?

proximal epiphysis

The gray box indicates what structure?

diaphysis

The gray box indicates what structure?

distal epiphysis

The endosteum is a thin connective tissue layer containing which two bone cells?

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Which lining of the bones contains the outer fibrous layer and the inner osteogenic layer?

periosteum

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

Label

circumferential lamellae

Label

osteon

Label

central canal

Label

compact bone

Label

spongy bone

Label

perforating canal

What lines the canals and covers the trabeculae

endosteum

What lines the bones?

periosteum

Intramembranous ossification forms from what kind of membrane?

fibrous

Endochondral ossification forms from what tissue?

cartilage

What process of osteogenesis forms the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles?

intramembranous ossification

What form of osteogenesis forms the majority of bones?

hyaline cartilage

What enzyme is produced by osteo/chondroblasts to make calcium available for the bone to use?

alkaline phosphatase

What is the term for bone with large amounts of thick, irregular collagen fibers?

woven bone

osteogenesis imperfecta is characterized by the production of what?

defective collagen

lack of osteoid leads to what condition?

osteogenesis imperfecta

lack of hydroxyapatite and diminished levels of alkaline phosphatase leads to what disorder?

hypophosphatasia

what secretes growth hormone?

anterior pituitary

what organ releases insulin like growth factor

liver

what structure secretes trh

hypothalamus

what organ secretes tsh

pituitary

the thryroid secretes what hormones?

T3 and T4

which hormone modulates growth hormone activity and stimulates osteoblasts

thyroid hormone

which hormones stimulates osteoblasts during puberty?

estrogen and testosterone

which two hormones stimulate bone remodeling?

parathyroid and calcitonin

which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix for blood calcium levels?

parathyroid hormone

what is the first step of fracture repair?

hematoma formation

what is the second step of fracture repair?

fibrocartilaginous callus formation

what is the third step of fracture repair?

bony callus formation

what is the final step of fracture repair?

bone remodeling

what cell makes collagen fibers to connect bone pieces in the event of a fracture?

fibroblasts

is a fracture repair with spongy or compact bone first?

spongy

what are the three main structural categories of articulations?

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

suture syndesmosis and gomphosis are what structural class of articulation?

fibrous

synchondrosis and symphysis are what structural class of articulation?

cartilaginous

condyloid, ball and socket are examples of what structural class of articulation?

synovial

what synarthrotic joint has short fibers that hold bones together and ossify in adults?

suture

what amphiarthrotic joint has longer bands of fibers called ligaments or interosseous membranes?

syndesmosis

what synarthrotic ligament holds the tooth in its alveolar socket?

gomphosis

what articulation is made of hyaline cartilage and includes the epiphyseal plate and the 1st rib’s joining with the sternum? most eventually ossify.

synchondrosis

what articulation is made of fibrocartilage with a varying amount of movement and includes the intervertebral discs?

symphysis

label

ligament

label

articular cavity

label

articular cartilage

label

articular capsule

label

fibrous layer

label

synovial membrane

what is the term for the flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane to protect soft tissues from damage?

bursa

synovial membrane produces what?

synovial fluid

term for what functions like a bursa but is elongated and wrapped around tendons

tendon sheath

synarthrosis is defined as?

immoveable

amphiarthrosis is defined as?

slightly moveable

diarthrosis is defined as?

freely moveable

non directional slipping movements

non-axial

non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial are terms of range for what type of joint?

diarthrotic

movement in one plane

uniaxial

movement in two planes

biaxial

movement in three planes

multiaxial

intertarsal, intercarpal, intervertebral (at articular processes) and sternoclavicular joints experience what type of specific movement

gliding

what are the three angular movements of the diarthrotic joints?

flexion, extension, hyperextension

abduction moves _ from the midline of the body

away

adduction moves _ the midline of the body

toward

what joint only allows gliding movement?

plane

what joint permits uniaxial flexions and extensions? i.e. elbow.

hinge joints