AP Bio Unit 1 vocab

Polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

Nonpolar

No partial charges. Do not mix with water.

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

ionic bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

dehydration synthesis

Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Monomer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Carbohydrate

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1 ratio). Includes sugars and starches. Main source of energy in your diet.

Monosaccharide

Monomer of carbohydrates. A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

Polysaccharide

Polymer form of carbohydrates. (Ex: glycogen, cellulose)

Cellulose

polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Glycogen

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

specific heat

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by one degree

heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas

Lipid

macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

Phospholipid

Lipid containing a phosphate group, makes up cell membrane, has hydrophilic polar head and hydrophobic nonpolar tails

Steroid

lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

saturated lipid

All single carbon bonds that have max number of Hydrogens bonded, generally solid at room temperature

Unsaturated lipid

Has at least one double bond, generally liquid at room temp. If more than one bond then considered "polysaturated"

Isomer

Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different three-dimensional structures

structural isomers

different structural patterns but bonded to the same atoms

cis-trans isomers

Same atoms in the same order but with different functions

Enantiomer isomer

Molecules that are mirror images of each other

glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

peptide bond

The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.

Buffer

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH