Research Methods: Grounded Theory, Ethnography, Case Study (quiz 3)

What is the primary focus of Grounded Theory research?

ground a theory in the views of participants.

What is the main focus of Grounded Theory?

focuses on a process or action that has distinct steps or phases occurring over time.

What is the role of memoing in Grounded Theory?

writing down ideas as data is collected and analyzed, becoming part of the theory development process.

How do data and analysis procedures function in Grounded Theory?

occur simultaneously and iteratively.

What is the first step in the coding process according to Strauss and Corbin's approach to Grounded Theory?

open coding, which identifies major categories.

What does axial coding involve in Grounded Theory research?

identifying the core phenomenon and assembling data in new ways after open coding.

What is selective coding in Grounded Theory?

final step where the researcher develops hypotheses and may write a 'story-line' that connects the categories.

What is the goal of theoretical sampling in Grounded Theory?

assist the researcher in forming the best theory by choosing participants who can provide relevant insights.

What is a challenge faced in Grounded Theory research regarding saturation?

determining when saturation has been reached in data collection.

What strategy can be used to assess the validity of a Grounded Theory?

gather additional information from individuals not originally interviewed to determine if the theory holds true.

What is the primary aim of ethnographic research?

describe and interpret the shared patterns of culture of a group.

What are the defining features of ethnographies?

focus on developing a complex, complete description of a group's culture and look for patterns in the group's mental activities.

What role does theory play in ethnographic research?

focusing the researcher's attention on specific cultural patterns.

What methods do ethnographic researchers use to collect data?

engage in extensive fieldwork, collecting data through observations, symbols, artifacts, and other means.

What is the purpose of articulating a substantive-level theory in Grounded Theory?

communication, presenting the theory as a discussion or model.

What is the iterative nature of data collection and analysis in Grounded Theory?

Theory-building emerges through the simultaneous and iterative processes of data collection, analysis, and memoing.

What does the researcher need to do to allow theory to emerge in Grounded Theory?

The investigator needs to set aside theoretical ideas or notions.

What is the significance of patterns in ethnographic research?

help researchers understand the shared cultural activities and mental processes of the group being studied.

How does Grounded Theory contribute to qualitative research?

provides a systematic approach to developing theories based on qualitative data collected from participants.

What is the relationship between theory and data in Grounded Theory?

interconnected, with theory emerging from the data collected and analyzed.

What is the difference between emic and etic perspectives in ethnographic analysis?

relies on participants' views using verbatim quotes

What is the outcome of ethnographic research?

results in an understanding of how a culture-sharing group works, including its functions and way of life.

What are some types of ethnographies?

confessional ethnography, life history, autoethnography, ethnographic novels, and visual ethnography.

What characterizes realist ethnography?

provides objective data in a measured style, using standard categories for cultural description, and presents participants' views through closely edited quotes.

What is the focus of critical ethnography?

advocates for the emancipation of marginalized groups, empowering them and challenging the status quo regarding power and control.

What are the initial steps in conducting ethnographic research?

Determine if ethnography is appropriate, identify a culture-sharing group, select cultural themes or issues, and choose the type of ethnography to use.

What is a key challenge in ethnographic research?

Researchers must have an understanding of cultural anthropology and may face prolonged data collection times.

What is a potential risk for researchers in ethnographic studies?

The possibility of 'going native,' where the researcher becomes too involved and unable to complete the study.

What is the primary goal of case study research?

To provide an in-depth understanding of a case or cases.

What are the procedures for conducting a case study?

Determine if a case study approach is appropriate, identify the study's intent, select cases, develop data collection procedures, specify analysis approaches, and report findings.

What is the importance of sensitivity in ethnographic research?

It is essential to be sensitive to the needs of those being studied.

What is the role of narratives in ethnographic research?

written literally, which can complicate traditional scientific writing.

How does case study research integrate analysis?

It integrates analysts' themes and contextual information into the case description.

What is purposeful sampling in case study research?

It involves selecting cases based on the intent of the study.

What are the reporting methods for case study findings?

Findings are reported using case assertions in written form.

What is a common challenge faced by case study researchers?

Conducting extensive data collection from multiple sources.

What are contrasting foundational considerations in qualitative research approaches?

These include differing philosophical assumptions and theoretical frameworks guiding each approach.

What is a key aspect of data procedures in qualitative research?

Each approach has distinct methods for data collection and analysis tailored to its specific focus.

How do qualitative research approaches differ in reporting findings?

They utilize various formats and styles, reflecting the nature of the data and the research questions.

What is the significance of cultural interpretation in ethnographic research?

It helps to synthesize the findings and present a cohesive understanding of the culture-sharing group.

What is the importance of selecting cultural themes in ethnographic research?

It guides the focus of the study and helps in understanding the group's cultural dynamics.

What is the purpose of identifying an approach in qualitative research?

To present a sophisticated study, allow reviewers to assess the study properly, and help novice researchers have a structure to follow.

What are the five qualitative approaches to inquiry?

Narrative research, Ethnography, Phenomenology, Grounded theory, Case study.

What do narrative researchers primarily do?

They tell stories of individual(s') experiences.

What are the defining features of narrative research?

Narrative researchers collect stories about lived experiences, show identities, occur within specific places/situations, gather data in various forms, analyze using varied strategies, shape stories into chronology, and often contain turning points.

What types of narrative research are mentioned?

Biographical study, Autoethnography, Life history, Oral history.

What are the three ways to analyze narrative stories?

Thematic, structural, and dialogic or performance.

What is the first step in conducting narrative research?

Determine if the research problem/question best fits narrative research.

What is 'restorying' in narrative research?

The process of reorganizing participants' stories into a general type of framework.

What challenges do narrative researchers face?

Collecting extensive information about participants, understanding the context of individuals' lives, ensuring active collaboration, addressing power relations, and reflecting each story within a larger picture.

What is the focus of phenomenological research?

To describe the essence of a lived experience.

What is the primary focus of phenomenological research?

Emphasis on a phenomenon to be explored.

What is a key characteristic of participants in phenomenological research?

Participants must have all experienced the phenomenon being studied.

What philosophical aspect is involved in phenomenological research?

Philosophical discussion about the basic ideas of phenomenology.

What does it mean for a researcher to 'bracket' themselves out of the study?

The researcher sets aside their own experiences and biases to focus on the participants' perspectives.

What data collection method is commonly used in phenomenological research?

In-depth interviews with participants.

How does data analysis typically progress in phenomenological research?

It moves from narrow units of analysis to broader units, culminating in detailed descriptions.

What is the final outcome of data analysis in phenomenological research?

A descriptive passage that discusses the essence of the experience.

What is the first step in conducting phenomenological research?

Determine if the research problem is best examined using a phenomenological approach.

What must researchers do after identifying a phenomenon of interest?

Describe the phenomenon in detail.

What is essential for collecting data in phenomenological research?

Data must be collected from individuals who have experienced the phenomenon.

What is generated from the analysis of significant statements in phenomenological research?

Themes that emerge from the data.

What types of descriptions are developed in phenomenological research?

Textural and structural descriptions.

What does reporting the 'essence' of the phenomenon involve?

Using a composite description to convey the understanding of the experience.

What is a challenge researchers face in phenomenological research?

Bracketing personal experiences may be difficult.

What effect does phenomenological research have on researchers?

It can have a transformative effect on their understanding.

What is a consideration regarding interpretive phenomenology?

How (or if) it fits within the broader framework of phenomenology.

What is necessary for participants in phenomenological research?

They must be carefully chosen to ensure they have experienced the phenomenon.

What philosophical understanding is required for conducting phenomenological research?

A basic understanding of the broader philosophical assumptions of phenomenology.

What is the final presentation format for the findings in phenomenological research?

The findings are presented in written form.

What is etic perspective?

synthesizes the researcher's perspective to develop cultural interpretation.