Chapter 5 - Prenatal Development

germinal stage

fertilization to week 2

embryonic stage

week 2- 8, egg now called embryo

organogenesis

genesis of the development of organs

cephalocaudal development

head down development

fetal stage

Beginning of 3rd month-birth (9th-38/40th)

teratogens

anything that poses harm to developing organs

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

condition that occurs when a fetus is exposed to alcohol during pregnancy, resulting in lifelong physical, intellectual, and behavioral disabilities

Fetal alcohol disorders (FADS)

having any subset of characteristics of FAS at varying levels of severity

neonatal abstinence syndrome

a group of conditions caused by dug withdrawal that the infant was exposed to prenatally

toxoplasmosis

an infection caused by a parasite that can be present in cat feces, litter, or soil

endocrine disruptors

harmful chemicals that interfere with the functioning of the hormonal system in our bodies

phases of labor (3)

early, active, transition

early labor

1st phase, last 8-12 hrs, lighter contractions, water may break, cervix up to 3cm

active labor

2nd phase, 3-5 hrs, longer + stronger contractions, cervix is 4-7cm

transition in labor

3rd phase, shortest but more difficult from 30min-2 hrs, cervix 8-10cm

apgar scale

to test the babies overall condition, 0-2 points, tests 5 sections

5 sections of the Apgar test

heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, color, & reflexes

preterm or premature

any infant before the gestational age of 37 weeks

infant mortality

the # of infants who die within the first year of life

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

the unexpected death of a healthy infant

shaken baby syndrome

when a child is shaken too hard causing the brain to bounce in the skull

conception

time period surrounding fertilization including week before and after

what % of zygotes survive

~50%

what happens to the baby in the Embryonic Period

most major organs forming, facial features, heart beat (6 wks)

what happens to the baby in the Fetal Period

most organs formed, genitalia becoming visible, fingerprints, hearing, functional kidneys, last is lungs

proximal distal growth

middle out, abdomen to appendages out

maternal morbidity

any short or long term health problems that result from being pregnant and giving birth (gestational diabetes, high BP, hypertension)

maternal mortaility

the death of a women from complication of pregnancy/childbirth and occur during or within 6 weeks after end of pregnancy

fonanelle

soft spot on human skull to aid in birth, firms after 6-18 months

anoxia

lack of oxygen to the brain

what are some complicated birth conditions

multiple pregnancies, erratic heartbeat, breech, fetal distress, premature