Haloalkanes, Haloarenes, Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Vocabulary

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering terminology, named reactions, functional group classifications, reagents, and rules from Organic Chemistry notes on Haloalkanes, Haloarenes, Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers.

Haloalkanes

Compounds in which a halogen atom is attached to an $sp^3$ hybridised carbon atom.

Alkyl Halides

Halides where halogen is directly attached to an $sp^3$ hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl chain.

Allyl Halides

Halides in which halogen is attached to an $sp^3$ carbon atom which is adjacent to a double-bonded carbon atom.

Benzyl Halides

Halides in which halogen is directly attached to an $sp^3$ hybridised carbon atom which is directly bonded to a benzene ring.

Aryl Halides (Halo-arenes)

Halides in which halogen is directly attached to an $sp^2$ hybridised carbon atom of a benzene ring.

Vinyl Halides

Halides in which halogen is directly attached to an $sp^2$ hybridised carbon atom of a double bond.

Markonikoff Rule

Rule stating that when unsymmetrical alkenes react with hydrogen halides ($HCl$, $HBr$), the halogen attaches to the double-bonded carbon having fewer hydrogen atoms.

Anti-Markonikoff Effect (Peroxide / Kharash Effect)

Addition reaction where alkenes react with $HBr$ in the presence of peroxide ($H_2O_2$) to form alkyl halides with halogen on the double-bonded carbon having more hydrogen atoms.

Finkelstein Reaction

Halogen exchange reaction in which alkyl chlorides or bromides react with $NaI$ in dry acetone to produce alkyl iodides ($RI$).

Swartz Reaction

Reaction of alkyl chlorides or bromides with metallic fluorides such as $AgF$, $Hg_2F_2$, $CoF_2$, or $SbF_3$ to produce alkyl fluorides ($RF$).

Phenyl Cation

A cation ($C_6H_5^+$) formed on a benzene ring carbon, which is extremely unstable.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

A reaction in which an electron-rich species bearing a negative charge or lone pair (nucleophile) substitutes another atom or group.

S_N1 Mechanism

Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction having order 1, proceeding via carbocation intermediate in two steps, favoured in polar protic solvents, and resulting in retention/racemisation of configuration.

S_N2 Mechanism

Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction having order 2, proceeding in a single step without an intermediate, and resulting in inversion of configuration.

Saytzeff Rule (Zaitsev's Rule)

Rule stating that in dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides with alcoholic $KOH$, the major product is the alkene having the greater number of alkyl groups attached to the double-bonded carbons.

Grignard Reagent

An organometallic compound with the general formula $RMgX$, prepared by reacting alkyl halides with magnesium in dry ether.

Wurtz Reaction

Reaction in which alkyl halides react with sodium metal in dry ether to give alkanes with double the carbon atoms ($R-R$).

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

Reaction of a mixture of an alkyl halide and an aryl halide with sodium in dry ether to yield an alkylbenzene.

Fittig Reaction

Reaction of two molecules of aryl halides with sodium in dry ether to give diphenyl/biphenyl.

Acidic Hydration of Alkenes

Reaction of alkenes with water in the presence of an acid catalyst to form alcohols according to Markovnikov rule.

Hydroboration Oxidation

Reaction of alkenes with diborane ($B_2H_6$) followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) to form alcohols according to anti-Markovnikov rule.

Lucas Reagent

Solution of concentrated $HCl$ and anhydrous $ZnCl_2$ used in the Lucas test to differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on turbidity formation rate.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PCC)

Mild oxidising agent composed of $CrO_3$, pyridine, and $HCl$ used to oxidise primary alcohols to aldehydes without further oxidation to carboxylic acids.

Esterification

Reaction of alcohols or phenols with carboxylic acids, acid chlorides, or acid anhydrides to yield esters.

Acetylation

The chemical process of introducing an acetyl group ($-COCH_3$) into alcohols or phenols.

Picric Acid

The common name for $2,4,6\text{-trinitrophenol}$, produced by reacting phenol with concentrated nitric acid ($HNO_3$).