APUSH Period 4 (1800-1848)

Barbary Coast Pirates

(1801-1805) Group demanding payment for other countries to use Mediterranean Sea, Jefferson sent in American navy to defeat them

Louisiana Purchase

1803, US bought Louisiana territory from France for $15 million

Chesapeake Affair

1807, British Navy attacked American ship off of VA coast

Embargo act

1807, US forbid trade with Britain and France, federalist opposition and smuggling

War Hawks

Politicians in Congress who wanted land (FL and Canada) - Henry Clay and John C Calhoun, one factor towards start of War of 1812

Hartford Convention

1814, federalists meet to discuss oppositions to the war, proposed restrictions on DRs, started seeming traitorous

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Led native Americans in fighting for their land during War of 1812

Era of Good Feelings

(1815-1825) period of one party rule (DR) and nationalism as a result of war of 1812, primarily during Monroe Administration

American System

updated economic system by Henry Clay with second bank of the US, loans to start businesses, protective tariffs to promote domestic consumption, internal infrastructure improvements

Rush-Bagot Treaty

1817, disarmed great lakes and border between US and Canada, still one of the most peaceful borders

Oregon Territory

joint US-british occupation, race to out populate Brits

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819, US bought florida for $5 million

Monroe Doctrine

1823, Latin American independence inspired America to take advantage of their resources, Monroe warns Europe to stay out of Latin America

Panic of 1819

First large economic depression, people realized that the economy could fail and we couldn’t solely depend on our manufacturing, social classes develop

Missouri Compromise

Maine becomes a state (free) so Missouri can become a slave state, border created between free and slave states

Election of 1824 and the Corrupt Bargain

5 candidates, Jackson won popular but no majority could exist, Henry Clay made a deal with the house to elect John Quincy Adams as president

Market Revolution

1820-1860, shift from local, subsistence based agrarian economy to a commercialized, capitalist market economy

Popular Democracy

universal male suffrage, power to the common man

spoils system

rewarding family and supporters jobs in a president’s cabinet (Andrew Jackson), bribery, corruption, loyalism

Nullification Crisis

Tariff of 1832 raised taxes on imports, limiting the amount of exports from the US, harmed southern economy to the point where SC rejected the tariff and threatened to secede if forced to pay

Force Bill

Andrew Jackson’s response to SC’s nullification by using troops in the state to force payment and stop seceding

Indian Removal Act

1830, president had authorization to relocate natives west of Mississippi, with small compensation

Treaty of New Echota

1835, Jackson conned a few Cherokees into signing, officially kicked Cherokee out for GA after winning their right to stay in court, forced to walk Trail of Tears

Panic of 1837

Large economic depression resulting in Jackson’s displeasure in 2nd bank’s actions. Claim that BUS favored state banks and gave more loans to elites, going against Jackson’s common man campaign. he demanded the all gov loans be removed from the bank

Whig Party

New political party similar to federalists, believed in gov intervention in economy, with a strong national bank and industrialization, opposed the democrats

Second Great Awakening

(1790-1830s) resurgence of spread of Protestantism, reaction to social and wealth gap from market revolution, belief in equality appealing to common people and African-americans, free will over predestination

Mormons

New branch of faith founded by Joseph Smith, strict conformed living and commitment to God and prophets, persecuted until settling in Utah

Shakers

New branch of faith founded by Mother Ann Lee, god was male and female, equality amongst races and sexes, pacifists, complete celibacy

Temperance movement

movement to slow and regulate alcohol consumption, primarily led by wives effected by domestic violence

Education movement

public schools and better trained teachers funded by taxes, standardized curriculum

Prison and Asylum reform

movement for more human conditions and focus of rehab in prisons, development of mental institutions

Women’s Rights movement

challenge cult of domesticity (women’s role in home) and gain women’s suffrage, prominent figures like Susan B. Anthony and Amelia Bloomer

Nat Turner’s revolt

1831, led by escapee who returned to help free others, claimed to have visions and signs from God telling him to act, killed slave owners and their families, many rebels executed promptly and slaves rights limited

Gradual Abolitionists

movement of mostly white northerners gradually working with slave owners to free slaves

Haitian Revolution

Revolution of free and enslaved black people on island of Saint Dominique (now Haiti) against French rule, became first independent, black-led nation in the Americas (1803)

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Claimed presidency of Haiti in 1799 as new republic, Napoleon sent troops to reclaim land and shipped him off to France

Corps of Discovery

expedition organized by US gov to explore Louisiana Territory by Lewis and Clark, aided by interpreters like Sacajawea, 1804-1806

McCulloch V. Maryland

1819 supreme court decision that reinforced the federal gov’s ability to employ understanding of implied powers of the constitution

National Road

1818 road, constructed by federal funds, spanning from western Maryland, through PA, to Wheeling, WV, push to improve national infrastructure

Robert Fulton

american inventor who developed first commercially successful steamboat

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

1814 - Tennessee militia led by AJ fought alongside Cherokee to defeat Creek forces allied with Britain during War of 1812

Tariff of 1816

protective tariff designed to increase cost of imported manufactured goods to improve domestic sales

Separate spheres

late 1700s-early 1800s belief that men and women had separate roles and should occupy separate spaces in society (men - public sphere and work, women - private sphere and home)

Second Seminole war

1835-1842 war between Seminoles, including escaped slaves that had joined tribe, and US gov over Seminole eviction from Florida, US won after 7 years

Martin Van Buren

Democratic Republican president in 1837, fought for universal white male suffrage, raised a common man, lack of action with Panic of 1837 made people see him as elitist

Ralph Waldo Emerson

founder of transcendentalist movement, challenged church ideas and highlighted importance of the natural world for moral perfection

Henry David Thoreau

late transcendentalist, experimented with simple living and protest against slavery and war, wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience (right to resist immoral gov policies)

Hudson River School

mid 1800s artistic movement where artists painted romanticized landscapes

Liberty party

antislavery political party formed in 1840, helped place slavery at the center of national politics

Free-soil party

party founded by political abolitionists in 1848 to expand appeal of liberty party, focused less on moral wrongs of slavery and on benefits of economic opportunities for northern white expansion

Marbury v. Madison

1803, Chief Justice John Marshall (Fed) ruled a law unconstitutional for the first time, introduced Judicial review - court determines constitutionality of a law

12th Amendment

1804 - President and VP labeled on ballots after Jefferson and Aaron Burr (his VP) ended up tying the electoral college

Battle of the Thames

Canada 1813, Tecumseh killed, crushing Native Americans, with William Henry Harrison as the victor

Battle of Fort McHenry

Baltimore 1814, Star-spangled banner originated with US victory in War of 1812 battle

Treaty of Ghent

1814 - agreement ending war of 1812, no determined winner

Battle of New Orleans

1815 - battle fought after war ended due to slow communication, Andrew Jackson became national hero

Charles G Finney

Religious leader of 2nd Great Awakening who used “camp meetings” (large outdoor religious events) to convert thousands

Utopian communities

groups seeking to create perfect society based on new ideas inspired by the Great Awakening, not religious

Transcendentalism

literary movement of the antebellum (pre-civil war) period, highlighted individual experience over reason, spirituality through nature, distrust of major institutions and non-conformity