Immunology Test #1

Innate Immunity is ___-specific natural immunity present at ___, with ___ delay, and no ___.

non; birth; no; memory

Adaptive immunity is ___ immunity that is learned, has ___, and is ___. It ___ delay.

acquired; memory; specific; has

Innate immunity has 4 external defenses:

1. ___
   
   

2. ___ membrane surfaces

3. ___ action of ___

4. ___ in tears and saliva

skin; mucosal; flushing; urine; lysozyme

Internal defenses of Innate Immunity:

• ___: participates in the phagocytosis and destruction of foreign organisms

• ___ + ___: hypersensitivity and protect against parasitic infections

• ___ Cells: lyse virally infected and tumor cells via release of perforin and granzyme

• ___ factors: work together to help body react to foreign antigens/pathogens

Phagocytes; basophils; eosinophils; NK; soluble

Skin has highly saturated ___ ___ content that inhibits bacteria/fungi. It’s ___ flora inhibits potential pathogen colonization.

fatty acid; normal

Mucosal membrane surfaces is anything with a mucous-y membrane. It prevents pathogen from ___ to cell surface.

attaching

Bladder is ___, the flushing action of urine flushes ___ out of body.

sterile; toxins

Lysozymes in tears and saliva are ___ antimicrobial agents that starts the ___ of basic pathogens (not very strong, can destroy ___ pathogens)

basic; breakdown; weak

What cells are phagocytes? Which is the most effective?

Neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells; neutrophils

Basophils/Mast Cells are associated with ___ and their granules affect ___.

hypersensitivity; vasodilation

Eosinophils protect against ___ infections and ___ allergic response (also participates in ___ phagocytosis)

parasitic; dampens; weak

NK Cells lyse virally infected and tumor cells via release of ___ and ___. Performs ADCC: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.

perforin; granzyme; Antibody Dependent Cell mediated Cytolysis

Soluble Factors work together to help body ___ to foreign antigens/pathogens

react

Enzymes, Acute-phase proteins, Complement, and Cytokines are all examples of ___ ___.

soluble factors

What organs are involved in the Primary Lymphoid?

Fetal liver, bone marrow, and thymus

What organs are involved in the Secondary Lymphoid?

Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and MALT (Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

The primary lymphoid serves as a place for cells to ___.

mature

The secondary lymphoid is a special site for lymphocyte-antigen ___, it also ___ antigens, and exports immune response ___ to the systemic circulation.

interactions; traps; products

Where do T cells develop?

Thymus

Where do B cells develop in a fetus?

Yolk sac, fetal liver + spleen, and then bone marrow

Where do B cells develop in an adult? Where do they finish maturing?

bone marrow; lymph nodes or spleen

Where do NK cells develop? Which progenitor cell does it derive from?

Bone marrow; Lymphoid

Describe T cell development happening in the cortex of the thymus:

Immature → DN → DP → Pos selection → SP

Describe T cell development happening in the medulla of the thymus:

SP → Neg selection → Mature T cell CD4 or CD8 → leaves thymus

T cells are found migrating in the blood and ___ lymphoid organs

secondary

B cells are found migrating the blood and in the ___ or ___ ___.

spleen; lymph nodes

NK cells are found in the ___.

blood

T cells and B cells are both a part of the ___ immunity.

adaptive

NK cells are a part of the ___ immunity.

innate

T cells function in ___ immunity (part of active branch of immunity), as T ___, and ___ cells.

cell-mediated; helper; cytotoxic

What CD markers do all T cells have in common? What is the marker for T helpers? How about Cytotoxic?

CD2 and CD3; CD4; CD8

B Cells function in ___ immunity (part of active branch of immunity), the differentiation into ___ cells to produce antibodies, and can form ___ B cells.

humoral; plasma; memory

B cell markers include CD___, IgM and ___, Fc receptor for ___, receptor for ___, and MHC___.

19; IgD; IgG; complement; II

No prior immunization is required for ___ cells because they are non-specific!

NK

What is the CD marker for NK cells? What immunoglobulin does it have an Fc receptor for?

16; IgG

Neutrophil makes up ___ of circulating nucleated cells and is the most effective ___.

Role in ___ inflammation, ___-lived.

most; phagocyte; acute; short

Basophils have a Fc receptor for ___ heavy chains.

IgE

Mast cells are ___ but in the tissue (thymus, spleen, lung, GI tract, bone marrow).

basophils

Monocytes function in ____ and ___ presentation (MHC___)

phagocytosis; antigen; II

Macrophages are ___ but in the tissue.

monocytes

Dendritic cells function in ___ and as antigen ___ cells.

phagocytosis; presenting

Small lymphocytes are ___ and ___ cells.

T; B

Large lymphocytes are ___ cells.

NK

Lymphocytes function in cell-mediated immunity (___ cells) and humoral immunity (___ cells). And ___ cells nonspecifically kill virally infected and ___ cells.

T; B; NK; tumor

Immunology – study of how host reacts to the ___ of a ___ substance in body

exposure; foreign

Antigen – foreign substance that can react with ___ or ___ cell, may not evoke ___ response

antibody; T; immune

Antigens must be able to bind ___ antibodies or T cells to produce a response!

enough

Immunogen – macromolecule ___ of triggering an adaptive immune response in ___ host

capable; immunocompetent

All immunogens are antigens, but not all ___ are immunogens.

antigens

Immunity – the condition of being ___ to infection

resistant

Immunogenicity – ___ of immunogen to elicit an immune response (How ___ of a response is this immunogen making?)

ability; strong

Immunogenicity is affected by:

• number of ___

• ___’s and ___’s traits

epitopes; individual; immunogen

more epitopes = more ___ = more cross-linking = more ___!

antibodies; immunogenicity

Individual’s traits that affect Immunogenicity:

• ___ (Is this an immunocompromised population?)

• Overall ___

• Dose (___ zone required – how big of dose you must receive)

• Route of ___

• ___ capacity (how well does your body make MHC___? If strong system = strong response)

age; health; goldilocks; inoculation; genetic; II

Immunogen’s traits that affect Immunogenicity:

• ___ composition and ___ complexity

• ___ (self vs non-self)

• ___ size

• ___ Processing (ability for antigen to be processed)

Chemical; molecular; foreignness; macromolecular; antigen

Chemical composition and molecular complexity is the ___ important immunogen trait for immunogenicity.

• ___ and ___ are the best (but ___ > polysaccharides)

• Nucleic acids and lipids alone ___ immunogenic (must be ___ to something big and complex)

most; proteins; polysaccharides; proteins; not; attached

Foreignness is the immune system’s ability to distinguish ___ vs ___. The larger the taxonomical distance = ___ response.

self; non-self; greater

Molecular weight >___ A.A. is required to activate an immune response.

10,000

Molecular weight >___ A.A. is the ideal size to produce a robust response.

100,000

Antigen processing is where enzymatic digestion creates small ___ that complex to MHC. These peptides are presented to ___/___ cells.

• No degradation = no ___ cell response

peptides; lymphs; T; T

Autoantigen - Antigens that belong to the ___, do ___ evoke an immune response under normal conditions

host; not

Alloantigen - Antigens from ___ members of the host’s species, ___ of eliciting an immune response

other; capable

Heteroantigen - Antigens that are from other ___ such as other animals, plants, or microorganisms.

species

Heterophile antigen - Heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or ___ related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-___ with antigen of the other

closely; react

MHCI is found on ___ nucleated cells. With HLA loci HLA-___, ___, and ___.

all; A; B; C

MHCII is found on ___ ___ ___ (APCs). With HLA loci ___ region: HLA-___, ___, and ___ (DR, DairyQueen DrPepper)

antigen presenting cells; D; DR; DQ; DP

Antigen Presenting Cells include ___ cells, macrophages and monocytes, and ___ cells.

B; dendritic

MHCI’s structure contains a glycoprotein dimer w/ 2 noncovalently linked polypeptide chains: ___ and ___ chain.

alpha; B2-microglobulin

MHCI’s alpha chain has ___ domains.

• a1 + a2 - alpha ___ makes up the peptide ___ site.

• a3 - ___ portion ___ cell membrane (binds to ___ on T cell)

3; helix; binding; hydrophobic; in; CD8

MHCI’s B2-microglobulin chain is encoded by a gene on chromosome ___.

• does not ___ cell membrane

• essential for ___ of a-chain/peptide binding pocket

15; penetrate; folding

MHCII’s structure contains 2 noncovalently bound polypeptide chains: ___ and ___ chain. BOTH are inserted ___ membrane!

alpha; beta; in

MHCII’s alpha chain is composed of ___ and ___, as well as the beta chain is composed of B1 and B2.

a1; a2

MHCI’s peptide-binding cleft is formed by ___ and ___.

___ helps the folding of this.

Peptides are __-__ A.A. long.

a1; a2; B2-microglobulin; 8-10

MHCII’s peptide-binding cleft is formed by ___ and ___.

Has a ___ pocket than MHCI! Holds longer peptides ___ A.A. long.

a1; B1; deeper; 13-18

Interaction of T Cells with MHCI:

1. ___ protein degraded by ___ → produces ___

2. Peptides transported to ___ ___

3. Peptides bind to MHCI in ___ ___

4. Peptide-MHCI complex transported to ___ → transported to cell ___

5. TCR binds antigen (peptide-MHCI complex) + MHCI (___ domain) binds __

Endogenous; proteasome; peptides

Rough ER

Rough ER

Golgi; surface

a3; CD8

Once MHCI’s a3 domain binds CD8, the ___ T cell ___ the infected cell via perforin and granzyme.

Cytotoxic; lyses

Interaction of T Cells with MHCII:

1. ___ protein taken up via ___ or phagocytosis

2. Antigen processed into ___ in ___

3. MHCII in ___ ___ – binding blocked by ___ chain

4. MHCII leaves rough ER through ___ -> ___ with endosome

5. Endosome ___ invariant chain -> Peptide-MHCII complex bind together in ___ compartment

6. Peptide-MHCII complex transported to cell ___

7. TCR binds antigen (Peptide-MHCII complex) + MHCII (___ domain) binds ___

Exogenous; endocytosis

peptides; endosome

Rough ER; invariant

golgi; fuses

cleaves; endosomal

surface

B2; CD4

Once MHCII’s B2 binds to the CD4, T ___ cells are activated → increases T helper cell ___ and trigger B cell ___ via cytokine secretions → increase in B cell ___ and ___ formation.

helper; proliferation; response; proliferation; antibody

CRP, Serum amyloid A, Alpha 1 antitrypsin, Fibrinogen, Haptoglobin, Ceruloplasmin, and Complement C3 are all examples of ___ ___ ___.

acute phase reactants

CRP and Complement C3 both function in ___ and ___ activation

opsonization; complement

Serum amyloid A activates ___ and ___.

monocytes; macrophages

Alpha 1 antitrypsin is a ___ inhibitor.

protease

Haptoglobin binds ____. Fibrinogen functions in ___ formation.

Hemoglobin; clot

Ceruloplasmin binds ___ and oxidizes ___.

copper; iron

5 Steps of phagocytosis:

1. ___ ___ of WBC-foreign

2. ___ of particle and formation of ___

3. ___ of lysosome and phagosome = ____

4. ___

5. ___ of debris

Physical contact; ingestion; phagosome; fusion; phagolysosome; digestion; release

CRP increases ___ to ___ times in response to infection or trauma. The best acute phase reactant to monitor treatment because it has the highest ___ based on infection state.

100; 1000; influx

Label the following phases B-cell development in the bone marrow in the diagram:

Pro-B cell, Pre-B cell, Immature B cell, Mature B cell.

pro, pre, immature, mature

___ B Cells are the precursor of plasma cells.

Plasma cells produce and secrete ___.

Activated; antibodies

Events that occur after Tissue Injury

1. Resident macrophages and mast cells at the site of infection release ___ that cause vasodilation and induce selectins.

2. ___ loosely bind circulating leukocytes and cause them to roll along the vascular wall. (Rolling ___)

3. Chemokine-induced ___ on the leukocytes bind firmly to the endothelial cells. (___)

4. Integrins enable the leukocytes to crawl ___ endothelial cells (___ or extravasation for tissue -> blood)

5. Leukocytes then follow the chemokine concentration gradient to the site of infection (___)

chemokines; Selectins; Adhesion; integrins; Capture; between; diapedesis; chemotaxis

Chronic Granulomatous Disease is the most ___ neutrophil disease concerning the absence of NADPH causes decreased ___ ___ production.

severe; hydrogen peroxide

Myeloperoxidase deficiency is the most __ inherited neutrophil disorder featuring the absence of __.

common; hypochlorite

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome concerns the failure of lysosome and phagosome to ___.

fuse

Glucose-6-phosphate deficiency causes ___ intracellular killing & ___.

impaired; anemia

___ is the predominant immunoglobulin in secondary response.

IgG

IgG crosses the ___, activates the ___ pathway (takes 2), and can provide newborn ___.

placenta; classical; immunity

IgG has a function in ___ and ___ toxins and viruses.

opsonization; neutralizes

IgG participates in agglutination and ___ reactions in clinical testing.

precipitation

___ is the first immunoglobulin produced in primary response.

IgM

IgM is found as a ___ (___ cell secreted IgM) and as a surface B cell IgM ___.

pentamer; plasma; monomer

Igm is the most ___ class to activate classical complement pathway. It is also the best at ___ reactions.

efficient; agglutination