Entomology Lecture Test 4

Why might a species be cryptic

to hide and mimic their surroundings

what are the options that a prey has when a predator is coming at it and what are the costs of these actions?

Fight, run, or hide.

cost increases from fight to hide

What are the camoflouge strategies that an insect might have?

1) Resemble uniform color background

2) Resemble a patterned background

3) Being countershaded (darker on top, lighter on bottom)

4) Pattern to disrupt the outline

5) Having a bizarre shape to disrupt the silouette

Ritsuko really became phd haver

What is an example of Masquerade or mimesis

plant hoppers attempt to look like leaves,

swallowtail butterflies first 2 instars look like bird droppings.

What is it called when butterflies try to hide their making their wings clear

crypsis by transparancy

Why can cryptic species still be found? What does this require?

They can still be found because predators can become familiar with the cryptic individuals and develop a search image for them. The cryptic individuals must develop a secondary line of defenses in most cases

ex: moths opening their wings to expose eyespots. Many predators do not like to attack from head on.

What are the secondary lines of defenses that insects might have?

1) Thanatosis behavior

2) Display during flight behavior

3) Startle displays

What secondary line of defense involves playing dead because most predators don’t go for dead individuals

Thanatosis behavior

What is the secondary line of defense that is the opening of wings during flight that startles predator

display of wings during flight

What is the secondary line of defense in which portions of the body are exposed to startle the predator? What are some examples we discussed

Startle displays.

wings opening to expose eyespots.

3rd and 4th instar of swallowtail butterfly larvae looking like snake heads, head is on the tail end, so larvae would see prey, which would attack from the back

What type of defenses are another way other than camoglouge that insects can defend self?

Mechnaical defenses

What are examples of mechanical defenses in insects?

-Coleoptera’s elytra making them harder to eat than your average insect

-fleas changing their body shapes to make them harder to grab

What is the extreeme case of mechanical defense known as self amputation? What is an example

autotomy,

craneflies and walking sticks commonly do this. they do this by restricting blood flow and cutting off their own legs.

What was the example of lacewings that we discussed in class?

Lacewings cover their body with chemical secretions to have mechanical defense. protects them from ants allowing them to hunt for aphids

What was the example of backpack bugs discusssed in class?

backpack bugs produce glue which allows them to pick up stuff from the forest floor. changes body shape to avoid predation

What is the coloration or ordor warning that insects may have? What specific category of defense is this?

Aposematism. It is a chemical defense.

What are the two classes of chemicals that relate to chemical defense

1) class 1 chemicals: chemicals that irritate, hurt, porion, and drug

2) class 2 chemicals: innocuous warning chemicals.

These are typically combined. class 2 chemicals are used to warn, class 2 if warnings are ignored

What are the sources of defensive chemicals used by insects?

1) Plants

2) Own synthesis

3) Consume other toxic animals

4) Obtain at the egg stage

POCO loco

What source of defensive chemicals is used by monarch butterflies? What do they do

Plants.

Monarchs take the toxic chemicals from the milkweed

What source of defensive chemicals is used by Reflex beetles or rove beetles? What happens with them?

Own synthesis.

Reflex beetles produce henoid their blood). Their blood is toxic. humans have died from eating blister beetles.

Rove beetles in genis paederas are the worst toxic animals for humans.

What type of source of defensive chemicals are seen by lightning bugs? What occurs?

Consumption of other toxic animals.

lightning bugs Photuris lure in the Photinis to steal their chemicals

What source of defensive chemicals is seen by soldier beetles? how does this occur

Obtaining at the egg stage.

nuptual gift given from male to female

Explain the chemical defense of the Bombardier Beetle

Bombardier beetles combine two compounds that are at the boining point of water.

How do sawfly larvae and harvester ants defend themselves

they combine together in a group to maximize deterance. Defense by large group effort.

What is it called when an organism resembles an unrelated species? What does this require? What are the types?

Mimicry.

You must have models, a mimic, and an observer.

The types include Batesian mimicry and mullerian mimicry

What type of mimicry is described by a model that is toxic, mimic that looks like the model but is not chemically defendid? What is needed for this to work

Batesian mimicry

For this to work, the mimic needs to be relatively rare because by chance, the observer could feed on one and realize they are not toxic, leading to a relationship breakdown

What type of mimicry is descibed by an unpaletable model which has an unpaletable mimic

Mullerian mimicry

an example is the monarch butterflies and viceroy butterflies.

overall amplifies message to a potential observer

List the models of coevolution

1) Strict model

2) Evolutionary Mutualism

What model of coevolution is defined by an evolutionary arms race also known as the red queen hypothesis.

2 organisms have to keep changing in order to maintain ther 1:1 interaction.

ex: caterpillar and milkweed

Strict model

what model of coevolkution is defined by differed coevolution? Both groups get benefits? What is an example

Evolutionary mutualism.

ex: bees and flowers

Why are plants related to the existance of plants?

So many insects exist because of plants and so many plants exist because of insects.

What is it called when plants have specific rooms for ants to live in due to the benefits they provide for ants? What do ants provide in return?

Domatia.

The ants defend the plant against insect that may come and feed on the plant

What are teh plants called that have a domatia?

Myrmectophytes

What are the plants called that can use nutrients form ant waste?

Myremectrophy

What example of mutualism was provided by pitcher plants?

pitcher plants support a phytotelmata community. this means that they support insect communities in structures that contain water

What relationship do honeybees have to plants? Explain

mutualistic.

Honeybees are very important because they pollinate pretty much all plants and fruits that we eat.

Explain the difference between insect pollination and wind pollination

Insect pollination is known as Entemophily. Wind pollination is nown as Anemophily

The benefits of entemophily include the increase in pollination efficiecy, nonreliance on weather, and maximization of plants pollinated, especially rare plants.

What is nectar? Why do plants have it?

nectar is a solution of sugars. Has no value for the plant only for the insect. Insect cannot use pollen for most part. Nectar draws insect in do disperse pollen

What type of insects use flowers for nectar? Flower loving insects

Anthophilous

What is it called when pollination is done by beetles? What type of flowers do beetles typically go for?

Cantarophily.

They typically go for bright white flowers or small flowers. oldest type of pollinator

What type of pollination is done by flies? What flowers do they go for

Myophily

What type of pollination is done by bees? What type of flowers do they go for

Melitophiy. They go for bright flowers and are very agriculturally important

What type of pollination is done by moths? What type of flowers do they perfer

phalenophily. lightly colored flowers

What type of pollination is done by butterflies. What type of flowers do they pollinate

Psycophily. red/yellow

What type of pollination do ants do

Myrecophily. it is rare

What are the types of pollination

Cantharophily

Myophily

Specophily

Melitophily

Phalenophily

Psycophily

Myrecophily

Call Mikitaka’s Secret Mate Polnareff, Please Man

What is it called when seeds are dispersed by ants?

Myrmecochory

What is the part of the seed that is specifically on the seed to bribe ants to eat the outside? Ants will transport the remaining bit to their refuse pile, which is rich in organic material, allowing for growth

elaiosome

What is it called when insects feed on plants

Phytophagy

What are the different types of Phyophagy

1) Monophagous

2) Oligophagous

3) Polyphagous

What type of polyphagy is described as an insect that feeds only one plant species such as gall wasps

monophagous

What type of polyphagy is described as an insect that feed on just a few plants (ex: monarch butterflies feeding on multiple species of milkweed)

oligophagous

What type of polyphagy is descibed as insects that feed on many plants? agricultural pests

polyphagous

What are chemicals with defensive roles? There are varying degrees of toxicity. Goal is either to repel insects or make themselves unpaletable to insects

secondary plant compounds

What is the chemical change in the plant that insects are attacking?

Induced defenses

Trees nearby an attacked tree begin producing secondary plant comounds. What is the hypothesis that trees talk together to lead to this called?

Talking tree hypothesis

What are the types of phytophagy?

-Leaf chewing

-Leaf/plant mining

-stem mining/ wood boaring

-fruit boarers

-sap sucking

-seed predation

Look Loki saw four saturn storms

Describe leaf/plant mining

make pathways in leaves

Describe stem mining/ wood boaring

make bark galleries

describe seed predation

insects primarily feed on seeds in plants

Explain the useage of Salvinia sp. individual

There was an invasive fern from southeast asia that was dumped into the water by individuals with aquariums. Salvinia beetle was brought to USA to fight against this invasive species. This is called biological control

What are the pathologically developed cells of a plant that have been produced by an insect inside them? They are produced by two forms name them.

Galls.

hypertrophy (Increase in cell size) and hyperplasmia (increase in cell numbers)

What is the production of galls triggered by

oviposition

What are Phalloxera? Explain

Phalloxera are the gall inducing true bug native to North Merica. They are dots on the underside of a leaf. During winter they migrate to the roots.

North Americfan vinyards are immune to destruction of plants by these organisms, however, they are invasive in Europe. Once destroyed a good amt of European wine industry. All European vinyards now have American stock because of this

What percentage of insects are either predators or parasites

25%

What is a parasite that kills its host called?

Parasitoid

Explain the scale of time involved iwth foraging for food option for predators?

There is an increasing energy expense from sitting and waiting, trapping, and active search

What organism is an example of sitting and waiting as a foraging technique?

Praying mantis sitting on a flower and waiting. Some mimic flower specifically and this is known as Aggressive foraging mimicry. Crab spiders (non insects) also do this.

What is an example of foraging technique of trap used by an organism?

ant lion sits at the bottom of a hole, waiting for ants to fall in

What is an example of active search used by an organism

Lady bug beetles

What are the two types of active search?

Raondom foraging and nonrandom foraging

What are the mechanisms of random foraging Explain each?

1) Fixed number- insect looks for food until it collects a certain number of food items. this is done because looking for food takes up time

2) Fixed time- insect looks for food until a certain amt of time has elapsed. they measure the time with the position of the sun

3)Fixed searching time- insect looks for food until a certain amt of time has elapsed but only counts the time spent searching not the time spent consuming the food

4)fixed rate- insect stops looking for food when prey capture rate falls below a certain threshhold

Noriaki tried stonefly rasins

What group typically does random foraging? Why

generalists becuase it is not as guarenteed as nonrandom foraging

What is nonrandom foraging? What are the types

Nonrandom foraging invovles the employment of techniques/tools to find prey.

1) Use of Chemicals

2) Sounds

3) Light

4)Phoresy

What is an example of use of chemicals in non-random foraging

-wasps finding beetles using synomones (parasitoid wasps using feces to find beetles/ other insects

-true bugs secreting chemicals to attract ants.

-mosquitos finding prey by using heat + Co2

What is an example of the use of sounds for nonrandom foraging

flies use sounds of toads and crickets to find prey.

What is an example of the use of light in non-random foraging

-fungus gnats emit light which prey are attracted to (mayflies)

-fireflies mimic other species light patterns

Explain what phoresy is and its use in non-random foraging

Phoresy is when small species is transported by a larger one. Sometimes the interaction is neutral for all involved. Sometimes it is negative for the carrier.

-ex: bird lice are transported by ecoparasitic flies to new host. this is a neutral relationship

-ex: blister beetles: positive for the beetle negative for the bee

-ex: bot flies and house flies: neutral for the houseflies, positive for the bot flies.

What are the morphological modifications predators or parasites might have. Explain each

-Raptorial legs: attacking legs. typically forelegs

-mouthpart modifications: strong mandibles

-extendable labial mask: seen in dragonfly nymph

What are the two different times froames to find host in?

as an adult or as larvae.

What are the two differenct parasitic avoidance behaviors in gall insects? explain.

1) Jumping Galls- insects detect something outside the gall and make the gall begin to vibrate

2) Nectar secreting galls- insects in the gall make the gall produce nectar which ants enjoy and in turn the ants protect the gall

3) Encapsulation- covering of intruder with hemocytes. doesn’t work most of the time.

What are the ways in which parasitoids combat against the new defenses of the host?

1) Avoidance

2) Evasion/molecular mimicry

3) Destruction

4) Suppression

5) Subversion

An Eva Destroyed Seattle Sunday

Explain avoidance as a way for parasitoids to combat agains thte new defenses of the host

ectoparasites avoid immune responses by sitting outside host and thus avoiding immune responses

Explain evasion/ molecular mimicry as a way for parasitoids to combat agains thte new defenses of the host

As you enter the host you cover yourself in a protein that looks like it is either made from the host or is a host cell

Explain destruction as a way for parasitoids to combat agains thte new defenses of the host

trying to destroy the host immune system by making the host overfeed

Explain suppression as a way for parasitoids to combat agains thte new defenses of the host

host immune system is suppressed by viruses

Explain subversion as a way for parasitoids to combat agains thte new defenses of the host

physical resistance to encapsulation

Expalin the parasitic host relationships. Which are most common and why?

1) Monoxenous- only one host

2) oligoxenous- few hosts

3) polyxenuos- can attack many hosts.

Monoxenous and oligoxenous are the most common ebcasue it is hard to do a number of speices. easier to specialize with one or just a few

What is it called when more than one egg is laid on a single host?

superparasitism

what is it called when multiple eggs from different species are laid on the same host?

Multiparasitism

Which is more common: Superparasitism or Multiparasitism? Why?

multiparasitism is more common befcause you don’t have a way to detect via pheromones that someone else has despoitited eggs there the way you do with superparasitism

What is it called when there is a parasitoid of a parasitoid?

Hyperparasitoid

What are the two different speeds at which a parasitoid might develop? Explain each.

1) Idiobiont- rapid developpment and killing of host. most do this

2) Konobiont- parasitoid lays eggs on young host and the two develop togetehr. parasitoid eventually kills host.

Explain cophylogenies or parasites and hosts.

phylogenies of parasites and hosts are often compared to see if phylogenies match up. Monoxenous parasites are expected th have matching phylogenies. this is known as Fahrenholz’s rule.

If you don’t have monoxenous phylogenies, they typically have more variation.

Red Queen hypothesis typically followed in that both parasite and host must keep up and maintain the relationship they have.

What are the aspects that eusociality consists of

1) Division of labor w/caste system

2) Cooperation among colony members in tending to the young

3) Overlap of generations

What groups is true eusociality seen in?

bees, wasps, ants, and termites

What is the gradient between solitary and eusociality

subsociality

What are the aspects of subsociality?

1) Parental care

2)Differentiation in form

Explain parental care as it pertains to insects

How much care if provided by parents to offspring Most insects do not have parental care.

There are several types:

1) without nest. eggs attach to back

3)solitary nesting. females will make basic nest to tend to young (burying beetle)

3)Communal nesting. Several nonrelated females will nest together. common in wasps

Explain differentiation in forms as it pertains to insects

Some individuals are larger than others. Full of this is seen in Eusocial insects where we have caste systems.