Chem Chapter 8

quantum-mechanical model

describes behavior of electrons

electromagnetic radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

magnetic field

the region around a magnet where the magnetic force is exerted

electric field

a field of force surrounding a charged particle

amplitude (of a wave)

vertical height of a crest, determines intensity or brightness of light

wavelength

distance between crests

frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

electromagnetic spectrum

includes all wavelengths of electromagnetic spectrum

gamma ray

shortest wavelength, produced by the sun and stars

x-rays

longer than gamma rays, pass through substances that block visible light

UV radiation

can damage biological molecules

visible light

cannot damage biological molecules

infrared radiation

all heat

microwaves

shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies

radio waves

longest wavelength and lowest frequency

interference

how waves interact with each other

in phase

align with overlapping crests

constructive interference

two waves combine to make a wave with double the amplitutde

out of phase

align so crest overlaps with trough

destructive interference

the waves cancel each other out

diffraction

Occurs when an object (comparable to size of wavelengths) causes a wave to change direction and bend around it

interference pattern

A pattern formed by the overlapping of two or more waves that arrive in a region at the same time

photoelectric effect

The emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal

photon

A particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy (packet of light)

emission spectrum

a spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source, can be a signature of sorts

complementary properties

properties that exclude one another, the more you know about one, the less you know about the other

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

product of delta x and m delta v must be greater than or equal to a finite number

deterministic

present determines the future

indeterminacy

an electrons path is not determined and can only be expressed statistically

orbital

how electron's position is described where a probability distribution map shows where electron is likely to be

wave function

mathematical function that describes wavelike nature of electron

quantum numbers

how each orbital is expressed

quantum number n

principal quantum number

quantum number l

angular momentum quantum number

quantum number ml

magnetic quantum number

quantum number ms

spin quantum number

principal quantum number

integer that determines the overall size and energy of an orbital

angular momentum quantum number

integer that determines the shape of the orbital

spin quantum number

specifies the orientation of the spin of the electron

principal level

orbitals with the same value of n

sublevel

orbitals with the same value of n and l

probability density

probability per unit volume of find the electron at a point in space

radial distribution function

represents the total probability of finding the electron within a thin spherical shell at a distance r from the nucleus

node

point where the wave function, probability density, and radial distribution all pass through zero

phase

sign of the amplitude of a wave either positive or negative