Psyc-130 Ch11-13,8

Emotional bond

An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time.

Self-concept

A conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself.

Social comparison

The process of comparing aspects of one's own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself.

Personal fable

A form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts.

Imaginary audience

The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior.

Self-esteem

An individual's overall subjective evaluation of their own worth and the feelings they have about that evaluation.

Identity

A description of the self that is often externally imposed, such as through membership in a group.

Identity achievement

An integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable over time and across events.

Moratorium

Period in which the individual is exploring various occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them.

Identity foreclosure

Period in which the individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity based on the choices or values of others.

Identity diffusion

Period in which the individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progress toward developing them.

Ethnic and racial identity

The beliefs and attitudes an individual has about the ethnic or racial groups to which they belong.

Acculturation

The process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of one's culture of origin.

Sexual identity

One's sense of oneself as a sexual being.

Sexual orientation

A person's romantic attraction toward people of the same or different sexes and genders.

Sexual minority youth

Young people who experience same-sex attractions.

Intersectionality

The complex ways in which a person's multiple identities, such as their race, gender, or sexual identity, combine with systems of inequality and discrimination related to those various identities to produce unique effects.

Family structure

The number of and relationships among the people living in a household.

Socialization

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture.

Internalization

The process by which children learn and accept the reasons for desired behavior.

Parenting style

Parenting behaviors and attitudes that set the emotional climate in regard to parent-child interactions, such as parental responsiveness and demandingness.

Authoritative parenting

A parenting style that is high in demandingness and supportiveness.

Authoritarian parenting

A parenting style that is high in demandingness and low in responsiveness.

Permissive parenting

A parenting style that is high in responsiveness but low in demandingness.

Uninvolved parenting

A parenting style that is low in both demandingness and responsiveness to their children.

Bidirectionality of parent-child interactions

The idea that parents and their children are mutually affected by one another's characteristics and behaviors.

Peers

People of approximately the same age and status who are unrelated to one another.

Peer socialization hypothesis

Peers are similar to one another because adolescents adapt their behavior to be more like their influential peers.

Peer selection hypothesis

Peers are similar to one another because adolescents choose friends who are similar to them and engage in the same behaviors they do.

Aggressive-rejected (peer status)

Children who are viewed by their peers as especially prone to physical aggression, disruptive behavior, delinquency, and negative behavior such as hostility and threatening others.

Neglected (peer status)

Children or adolescents who are infrequently mentioned as either liked or disliked; they simply are not noticed much by peers.

Controversial (peer status)

Children or adolescents who are liked by quite a few peers and are disliked by quite a few others.

g (general intelligence)

Cognitive processes that influence the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks.

Flynn effect

Consistent rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the past 80 years in many countries.

Fluid intelligence

Ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems.

Crystallized intelligence

Factual knowledge about the world.

Primary mental abilities

Seven abilities proposed by Thurstone as crucial to intelligence.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children 6 years and older.

IQ (intelligence quotient)

A quantitative measure of a child's intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age.

Multiple intelligences theory

Gardner's theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence.

Theory of successful intelligence

Sternberg's theory of intellect, based on the view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life.