dental sciences - unit 1

General Anatomy and Physiology

Explain why a health care worker must understand the basic structures & anatomy of the human body

You become more aware of your health & how to take care of your body

Define anatomy

The scientific study or the shape & structure of the human body

Define physiology

The scientific study of how the body functions

Discuss the levels of organization in human body

• Cells

• Tissues

• Organs

• Body systems

What makes up the general anatomy of the human body?

• Planes & body direction

• Structural units

• Body cavities

• Body regions

Identify the planes used to divide the body into sections

Sagittal, frontal, transverse, oblique

What plane is this?

Sagittal plane

What plane is this?

Frontal plane

What plane is this?

Transverse plane

What plane is this?

Oblique plane

Identity the body directions used to divide the body into sections

1. Superior / inferior

2. Proximal / distal

3. Lateral / medial

4. Dorsal / ventral

5. Anterior / posterior

Which pair of body directions is this?

Superior / inferior

Which pair of body directions is this?

Proximal / distal

Which pair of body directions is this?

Lateral / medial

Which pair of body directions is this?

Dorsal / ventral

Which pair of body directions is this?

Anterior / posterior

What is the basic units of structure in the human body?

Cells. They react to stimuli, transform nutrients into energy, grow & reproduce.

What is differentiation?

The term for specialization of cells

Cell membrane function

Control what goes in & out the cell

Cytoplasm function

Thick gel-like fluid inside a cell that holds all the organelles

Nucleus function

Store, protect, & manage the cell’s genetic material (DNA) to direct all cellular activities

Describe mitosis

• Happens in somatic (non reproductive) cells

• Produces 2 haploid daughter cells

• Contains same number & kimd of chromosomes as original cell

Describe meiosis

• Cell division/production of sex cells

• Two cycles (meiosis I & II)

• Chromosome numbers are halved in each daughter cells

• Genetic variation increased

Describe epithelial tissue & its role

• External skin or internal body surfaces

• Role: protection, absorption, secretion (produce and release useful substances like enzymes), filtration

Describe connective tissue & its role

• Types & examples: adipose, supportive, cartilage, dense fibrous, vascular, fat, tendons, & ligaments

• Roles: Supports, binds, & protects other tissues & organs

Describe muscle tissue & its role

Types: striated (voluntary movement), smooth (involuntary movement), cardiac (walls of thr heart)

Role: Helps pump blood out of the heart

Describe nerve tissue & its role

• Involves brain, spinal cord, & sense organs

• Role: Reacts to environmental stimuli, carry messages to/from the brain

Explain how the body repairs tissue injuries

Two processes:

• Inflammation

  • Produce sensations: pain, redness, swelling, warmth

  • The killing of cells, damaging of fibres &/or injury to tissues

• Regeneration/repair

  • Tissue replaced/repaired to normal function

  • Collagen fibres form scar tissue

    • eventually remodels into normal appearance

What is a body system?

A group of organs working together to perform major function

Name the 11 body systems

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Cardiovascular

• Lymphatic & immune

• Nervous

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Integumentary

• Endocrine

• Reproductive

Skeletal system basic components & function

• components: bones, joints, cartilage

• function: supports the body, protects organs, and helps with movement.

Muscular system basic components & function

• components: muscles, tendons

• function: moves the body and produces heat.

Cardiovascular system basic components & function

• components: heart, blood, blood vessels

• function: moves blood, oxygen, and nutrients around the body.

Lymphatic and immune system basic components & function

• components: lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, white blood cells

• function: fights infections and protects the body.

Nervous system basic components & function

• components: brain, spinal cord, nerves

• function: controls the body and sends messages.

Respiratory system basic components & function

• components: lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm

• function: brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive system basic components & function

• components: mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas

• function: breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

Urinary system basic components & function

• components: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

• function: removes waste and makes urine.

Integumentary system basic components & function

• components: skin, hair, nails, glands

• function: protects the body and helps control temperature.

Endocrine system basic components & function

• components: glands, hormones

• function: controls body processes using hormones.

Reproductive system basic components & function

• components: ovaries/testes and reproductive organs

• function: produces sex cells and allows reproduction.

List the body cavities

• Dorsal cavity

• Ventral cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

Dorsal cavity components

• Located on the back/posterior side of the body.

• Contains:

  • Cranial cavity → contains the brain

  • Spinal cavity → contains the spinal cord

Ventral cavity components

• Located on the front/anterior side of the body.

• Contains:

  • Thoracic cavity → contains the heart and lungs

  • Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

• Located below the thoracic cavity.

• Divided into:

  • Abdominal cavity → contains the stomach, intestines, kidneys, and liver

  • Pelvic cavity → contains the urinary bladder and reproductive/internal pelvic organs