APUSH period 3 + early 4

Chapters 7-10, 1783-1840!!!! I'm gonna kill myself

2nd BUS

• Part of the American system plan to improve government promoted economic development

• private profit making organization that acted as the government’s financial agent, issuing paper money, collecting taxes, and paying the government’s debts and ensuring value to paper money

• became a focus of public resentment after the panic of 1819

• debate of whether or not it was a legitimate exercise of authority under the constitution

• supported by the whig party

• dissolved partly by Jackson and the bank war when govt started to put federal funds into pet banks, resulting in the panic of 1837

Abigail Adams

• wife of John Adams, mother of John Quincy Adams

• close advisor to John Adams

• advocated for women’s rights and abolition of slavery in her letters to Adams

Alexander Hamilton

• co wrote the federalist papers to promote ratification of the constitution

  • first political parties

• Washington’s secretary of treasury

• loose interpretation and energetic government

• financial plan:

  • The federal government assumed all state war debts to tie states to the national interest and build foreign/domestic credit.

  • Excise Taxes: Imposed a regressive tax on domestic goods—most notoriously sparking the Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794) in western Pennsylvania, which Washington and Hamilton crushed with a 13,000-man militia to prove federal enforcement power.

  • National Bank (Bank of the United States - BUS): Created a central bank to store government funds, print currency, and issue business loans.

  • Tariffs: Placed protective tariffs on foreign imports to subsidize and protect American manufacturing

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Federalist silencing of critics

• Four laws signed by John Adams in 1798 during the quasi war with france

  • Naturalization: extended from five to fourteen years the residency requirement for immigrants seeking American citizenship

  • Alien: allowed the deportation of persons from abroad deemed “dangerous” by federal authorities.

  • Sedition: authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication critical of the government.

• heard severe backlash against the federalists

American System

• a new national bank (2nd BUS),

  • the war of 1812 had exposed that without a national bank, the government struggled to receive loans, manage finances, and maintain a stable currency

• tariffs to protect American industry

• and federal financing of improved roads and canals

• promoted by Speaker of the House Henry Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824.

• included 2nd bank of US

• Clay’s plan caused deep regional friction. The South and West resented tariffs and felt northern states benefited disproportionately from federal infrastructure. Presidents Madison and Monroe also frequently vetoed internal improvement bills on constitutional grounds

Anti-Federalists

• Early political group that opposed the ratification of the constitution

  • insisted that it left liberty and power unbalanced

  • absence of bill of rights left lack of explicit protections of liberty

  • feared the government would be dominated by wealthy elites and merchants rather than small farmers and rural citizens

• believed real political power belonged with local and state governments because they were closer to the people

• lacked coherent leadership as its supporters were usually southerners with little political influence and politicians who feared diminishing their influence by disagreeing with the majority

  • Samuel adams

  • John hancock

  • Patrick Henry

• succeeded in adding the bill of rights to the constitution

• largely dissolved after ratification

  • opposition of hamilton’s financial plan and strong central government unified them as the democratic Republicans later on

Anti-Masons

Battle of New Orleans

• The last battle of the war of 1812

• occured after the treaty of Ghent had been signed

• Vicious American troops led by Andrew Jackson defeated many British

• hailed Jackson as a war hero after the fact, helping him get elected as president eventually

Bill of Rights

• first 10 amendments of the constitution, adopted in 1791

• guaranteed individual rights against infringement by the federal government.

• Advocated for the anti feds. when the constitution was ratified, the bill of rights was a compromise to appeal to them.

• Won support for James Madison and the federalists cause

Black Hawk War

• 1832 armed conflict of US and native nations led by Sauk leader Black Hawk

• pushback on indian removal in the jacksonian era

• Indian defeat crushed Native resistance east of the Mississippi River in the Old Northwest, speeding up U.S. expansion into Illinois and Wisconsin and advancing Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal policies

Chesapeake Affair

• incident leading to the war of 1812 where the British HMS leopard attacked the American USS Chesapeake in search of deserters of the royal navy

• triggered a massive public outrage causing jefferson to respond with the embargo act

Clinton's Big Ditch

• a derogatory name for the erie canal, promoted by NY governor Dewitt Clinton

• Most important and profitable of the canals of the 1820s and 1830s; stretched from Buffalo to Albany, New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the East Coast and making New York City the nation’s largest port

• major catalyst for the American Market Revolution, transforming the U.S. economy by linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.

Connecticut Plan

Corrupt Bargain

• During the election of 1824, Clay had finished fourth and had a say in who would be elected as the speaker of the house

• He supported JQA so that he would be elected, and Adams would elect him as his secretary of state

  • Sincerely believing Adams to be the most qualified candidate and the one most likely to promote the American System, and probably calculating that the election of Jackson, a westerner, would impede his own presidential ambition

• Jackson and his outraged supporters labeled the arrangement a "corrupt bargain" to "overturn the will of the people".

  • This prevented Clay from ever reaching presidency

• energized Jackson's base, leading to the creation of the modern Democratic Party and Jackson's landslide victory in the 1828 presidential election

  • The dispute permanently split the Democratic-Republican Party into opposing factions, giving rise to Adams's National Republicans (later the Whigs) and Jackson's Democratic Party

Daniel Webster

• prominent U.S. senator from Massachusetts, and Whig Party co-founder who championed a strong federal government, industrial modernization, and the supremacy of the Union over sectional interests

• gave a speech in the Senate declaring that the people, not the states, created the Constitution, making the federal government sovereign

  • greatly opposed nullification

Election of 1824

• Four democratic-republicans running:

  • Andrew Jackson- had support among the uneducated masses for being such a stud

  • John Quincy Adams- secretary of state

  • William H Crawford

  • Henry Clay- Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives who finished fourth in the electoral college and threw his support behind Adams

• corrupt bargain

• Jackson recieved the most votes but nobody had the most in the electoral college (why does it work this way????)

  • it was up to Clay

• The election of 1824 laid the groundwork for a new system of political parties.

  • Supporters of Jackson and Crawford would soon unite in the Democratic Party.

  • The alliance of Clay and Adams became the basis for the Whig Party of the 1830s.

Election of 1828/Jacksonian Revolution

• Andrew Jackson

  • relied on his popularity rather than real campaign promises

  • less refined and educated than past president and was a more common man

• John Quincy Adams

• Jackson won in a landslide, and demonstrated how universal male suffrage and national political parties had changed American politics

Embargo Act 1807

• Britian and France at war had both placed blockades on the other, hurting American trade

• Royal navy resumed impressment

• Thomas Jefferson banned all American vessels to foreign ports, seeking to weaponize American trade

• Neither Britain nor France took much notice, but the Embargo devastated the economies of American port cities.

  • resulted in massive smuggling, and acceleration of domestic goods

• it was repealed 2 yrs later(1809)

Era of Good Feelings

• administration of popular democratic-Republican president James Monroe, 1817–1825

• Federalist Party virtually vanished following the War of 1812 and the Hartford Convention, leaving the Democratic-Republican Party as the sole national political party.

Federalists

• Supported the US constitution

• Began in 1787 when John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wrote the Federalist Papers

  • primary argument: the constitution protects American liberties rather than taking them away—> Checks and Balances, division of powers

• Strong central government

• They pushed for assuming Revolutionary War state debts, creating a national bank, and imposing tariffs to foster industrialization and commerce

• They favored close commercial ties and neutrality or pro-British alignment in foreign affairs, while strongly opposing the radical shifts of the French Revolution.

• lost the presidency and Congress in the election of 1800 to Jefferson, suffered severe public backlash over controversial measures like the Alien and Sedition Acts, and permanently collapsed after the Hartford Convention during the War of 1812, dissolving completely by the 1820s.

Hamilton and the Bank of the US

• hamilton proposed and designed the first BUS in 1790 as large part of his efforts to stabilize the economy after the revolutionary war

• Acted as the federal government's primary fiscal agent, held tax deposits, issued standardized paper currency/banknotes, and provided credit and loans to the government and emerging businesses.

• Sparked a major political clash. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison argued the bank was unconstitutional because the Constitution did not explicitly grant Congress the power to create a corporation. Hamilton successfully defended it using the Necessary and Proper Clause, convincing President George Washington to sign the bill

Hamilton vs Burr Duel

• Hamilton and Burr clashed for over a decade in New York and national politics, starting with Burr's defeat of Hamilton's father-in-law (Philip Schuyler) for a U.S. Senate seat in 1791

• Hamilton died in 1804, burr survived

• Hamilton’s death left the federalists without their main leader, contributing to their decline

Hartford Convention

• meetings of new England federalists to discusss grievances with with Madison’s presidency and the war of 1812

• included the conditions:

  • (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states)

• before Congress could respond, the war ended

• The stigma of the convention destroyed the credibility of the Federalist Party, leading to its rapid decline and eventual disappearance from national politics

  • the Federalist delegates were branded as disloyal and unpatriotic.

Henry Clay

• Former war hawk elected speaker of the house in 1810. a democratic-republican who helped form national republican party, or then the whigs

• Proposed the American system following the war of 1812 to unify the country and promote self sufficiency

• engineered the Missouri compromise

• involved in the corrupt bargain as he backed Adams to become secretary of state

• in the 1830s, Clay led the anti-Jackson opposition, becoming the leader of the newly formed Whig Party

  • wanted to renew bank charter

Independent Treasury Plan

• separated the government from the commerical banking system by removing funds from pet banks

• Proposed by President Martin Van Buren after the Panic of 1837 and the destruction of the Second Bank of the United States by Andrew Jackson

James Madison

• Wrote the Federalist Papers with Hamilton and Jay, but later split from the party because he disagreed with Hamilton’s financial plan and his idea for close ties with Britain/ not aiding France

  • co-founded the Democratic-republican party with Thomas Jefferson

• Led the Democratic-republican party as the president during the war of 1812

• Virginia Resolutions against the Alien and Sedition Acts, establishing early state nullification arguments

James Monroe

• Democratic Republican president during the era of good feelings, when the democratic Republicans held office

  • lack of two party system caused rise in sectionalism

• President during the panic of 1819

Jay’s Treaty

• 1794 agreement between the United States and Great Britain negotiated by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay and backed by President George Washington and Alexander Hamilton

• British troops still occupied military posts in the U.S. Northwest Territory and supported local Native American resistance

• The Royal Navy seized American merchant ships and cargo trading with France during the French Revolutionary Wars

• In the treaty, Britain agreed to surrender its post in the northwestern territory, and The U.S. received "most favored nation" trading status with Great Britain

Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”

• Thomas Jefferson(democratic Republican) defeated John Adams (Federalist), marking the first peaceful transfer of power between rivaling political parties

• Because electors cast two votes without distinguishing between president and vice president, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied with 73 electoral votes each, leaving the decision up to the house

  • Hamilton’s deciding vote supported Jefferson

• Jefferson’s victory ended Federalist dominance

• Central Issues: Widespread opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts, taxes levied to fund the Quasi-War with France, and competing visions for the nation

John Adams

• Federalist president from 1797-1801

• president during:

  • XYZ affair

  • Alien and Sedition acts

  • His late-night appointment of Federalist judges before leaving office, which directly led to the landmark Period 4 Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison

John Marshall

• Federalist supreme court nominee that transformed the supreme court into an equal branch of government by expanding federal power and judicial authority

  • marbury v. madison- judicial review, declared the judiciary act unconstitutional

  • mccollich v. Maryland- upheld constitutionality of the 2nd BUS

  • Worcester v. Virginia- ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community and Georgia couldn’t remove them. ignored by jackson (bih)

John Q. Adams

• democratic republican president 1825-1829

  • election of 1824 “corrupt bargain”

  • supported Clay’s American system

  • tariff of abominations

• as secretary of state under monroe

  • negotiated that Adams-onis treaty (cession of Florida from Spain)

  • authored Monroe doctrine

Judiciary Act 1789

• established the foundational structure of the U.S. federal court system

• signed by Washington

• Kept lower federal court jurisdiction limited and left most federal-law matters to state courts. Contained Section 13, which granted the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus (later found unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison).

Judiciary Act 1801

• While Article III of the U.S. Constitution established the Supreme Court, it left the creation of a lower federal court system up to Congress

• established the three part federal court system

• Marshall declared unconstitutional the section that allowed the courts to order executive officials to deliver judges’ commissions

  • after Mcculloch, a “midnight judge” appointed by John adams when he left office, sued Madison who refused to issue commissions to these judges

• established judicial review, which means The Supreme Court can determine whether an act of Congress violates the Constitution

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves

• Legislation passed in 1798 and 1799 by the Virginia and the Kentucky legislatures in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

• Virginia’s resolution called on the federal courts to protect free speech.

• Jefferson’s draft for Kentucky stated that a state could nullify federal law, but this was deleted.

• no state endorsed them

Kitchen Cabinet

• President Andrew Jackson's informal group of trusted friends, political allies, and newspaper editors who advised him during his presidency in the 1830s

• Coined as a derogatory label by political opponents (such as the Whigs) who mocked Jackson for allegedly meeting with his cronies through the back stairs or the White House kitchen rather than following proper governmental procedures

• Jackson's official cabinet fractured early on due to deep personal and political divisions, especially after the Peggy Eaton (Petticoat) affair

Land Ordinance of 1785

• established a standardized system for surveying, selling, and settling the western territories acquired by the United States after the American Revolution

• The federal government faced heavy national debt and could not levy direct taxes under the Articles of Confederation, making the sale of public lands a primary source of income

Lewis and Clark

• US military expedition funded by Jefferson to explore the new territory from the louisiana purchase

• Sacajawea

• find a practical water route to the Pacific Ocean, map the geography, and build relations with Native American tribes

Macon’s Bill #2

• Macon’s Bill Number 2 was a United States federal law enacted on May 1, 1810, during the presidency of James Madison, to address British and French interference with American shipping during the Napoleonic Wars

• It replaced the ineffective Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 and reopened trade with both Great Britain and France.

• It prohibited British and French armed vessels from entering U.S. waters and ports

• The Trade Incentive: It stated that if either Great Britain or France dropped its restrictions against American neutral shipping, the U.S. would resume non-importation/trade restrictions against the other nation if it did not follow suit within three months.

Marbury v Madison

• first landmark decision of the Marshall court after Jefferson had appointed a number of Federalist judges upon leaving office

• Madison, Jefferson’s secretary of state, refused to issue commissions (the official documents entitling them to assume their posts) to these “midnight judges.”

  • four sued for their offices

• Marshall’s decision declared unconstitutional the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that allowed the courts to order executive officials to deliver judges’ commissions.

• Judicial review: right of the supreme court to determine whether an act of Congress violates the constitution

Martin Van Buren

• Van Buren pioneered the idea that a loyal, organized two-party system was healthy for democracy rather than dangerous

• Served as Jackson's Secretary of State, Vice President, and chief political strategist, playing a central role in the Kitchen Cabinet and helping Jackson win the election of 1828

• Presidency (1837–1841)

  • Inherited consequences of panic of 1837

  • Independent Treasury Act (1840): Established a system where the federal government kept its funds in private vaults rather than state or national banks

  • Continued Jackson's forced removal policies
    
    

Missouri Compromise

• Deal composed by Henry Clay in 1820 to resolve the slave/free imbalance in Congress

• admitted Maine as free and Missouri as slave

• slavery prohibited in all remaining territory of the lousiana purchase north of 36/30

• raised for the first time the issue of westward expansion of slavery

New Jersey Plan

• called for a single house Congress in which each state cast one vote

• one rep per state

  • favored interest of small states

Nicolas Biddle

• was the third and final president of the BUS

• The Bank War (1832): Allied with Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, Biddle pushed to recharter the BUS early in 1832

Non-Intercourse Act

• replaced the embargo act after it was repealed

• allowed foreign trade just not with France or britain

• Signed by President Thomas Jefferson during his final days in office

• The law failed to force Britain or France to respect U.S. neutrality, hurt the American economy, and laid the groundwork for the War of 1812. It was later replaced by Macon's Bill Number 2 in 1810.

North American Review

• The North American Review was the first literary magazine in the United States. It was founded in Boston in 1815 by the poet William Tudor with the assistance of journalist Nathan Hale and others.

• 19th-century figures: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Frederick Douglass, Edith Wharton, and Mark Twain.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Law that created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Oliver Hazard Perry

• commanded the American naval forces that won the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Panic 1819

• the first major, widespread, and long-lasting economic depression in United States history

• caused by post war of 1812 over speculation of western land, heavily backed by loose credit and newly doubled state banks printing paper money

• Global agricultural recovery in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and British shifts in cotton sourcing caused a sharp drop in international demand, dropping U.S. cotton and grain prices by up to 75%

• To protect its own reserves, the Second Bank of the United States sharply curtailed credit in 1818, demanded loan repayments in hard currency (specie like gold or silver), and refused unstable state bank notes

• shattered the political harmony of the "Era of Good Feelings," fueled deep public hostility toward banks and monopolies, and helped spark the populist political movement that led to the rise of Andrew Jackson.

Panic of 1837

• another depression caused by Jackson’s deconstruction of the bank, unrestrained banknote issuance by state banks, and the specie circular

• The economic ruin damaged the administration of President Martin Van Buren and paved the way for a Whig Party victory in the 1840 presidential election

Peggy Eaton Affair

also called the petticoat affair

• Floride Calhoun (wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun)—refused to accept Peggy Eaton. They gossiped about her humble background as a tavern keeper's daughter (Margaret O'Neale) and spread rumors of an improper relationship with John Eaton before her first husband's death by suspected suicide.

• Jackson fiercely defended the Eatons. He viewed the social ostracization as a vicious political attack

• Van Buren supported the Eatons and grew closer to Jackson

  • Buren and Eaton resigned triggering a massive cabinet purge

• Van Buren’s loyalty earned Jackson's full political favor

• fractured the relationship between Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun, contributing to Calhoun's resignation in 1832

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

• political and legal document written in December 1828 by U.S. Vice President John C. Calhoun

• written in direct protest of the Tariff of 1828

Specie Circular

• It required payment for the purchase of federal public lands to be made exclusively in gold or silver (specie) rather than depreciating state-chartered paper banknotes

• panic of 1837: The policy triggered bank runs, widespread bank and business failures, and a deep economic depression that defined the presidency of Martin Van Buren.

Spoils System

Tariff 1816

• the first protective tariff in American history

• Backed by Northern manufacturers and Nationalist leaders like Henry Clay (part of his American System).

• it marked an early flashpoint in regional economic debates that escalated into later conflicts like the Tariff of Abominations.

Tariff of 1833

• (also known as the Compromise Tariff) was enacted on March 2, 1833, to resolve the Nullification Crisis between South Carolina and the federal government

• Henry Clay and Vice President John C. Calhoun, the bill gradually lowered high import taxes that angered Southern states

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tecumseh/Tenskwatawa

The Federalist Papers

Toussaint L’ouverture

• primary leader of the Haitian Revolution, which transformed a fragmented slave uprising into a disciplined military and political movement that laid the groundwork for Haiti's independence.

Treaty of Ghent

Virginia Plan

War Hawks

Washington’s Farewell

Washington’s First Cabinet

Whigs

Whiskey Rebellion

William Henry Harrison

Worcester vs. Georgia

XYZ Affair

Democratic-republicans

• Emerged from the Federalists from disagreement with Hamilton’s plan

  • Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

• advocated for restrained central government

• emphasized state rights

• sympathized with the French and opposed close ties with britain

• Rose to power when Jefferson was elected in 1801 (election of 1800)

• split after disagreement in the election of 1824 to the national Republicans (whigs) and the modern democrats