blag exam 3 shit

thyroid gland

calcitonin

pineal gland

melatonin

polyuria

excessive urine production

parathyroid gland

stimulated by low blood calcium level

thymus gland

atrophies by adulthood

adrenal cortex

secretes androgens, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids

heart

atrial natriuretic peptide

endocrine pancreas

islets of Langerhans

gonadotropins

FSH and LH

hypothalamus

secretes regulatory hormones

pituitary gland

hypophysis

growth hormone

stimulates cell growth and protein synthesis

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

Secretes hormones that regulate body functions and maintain homeostasis.

How does endocrine communication differ from nervous communication?

Hormones travel through blood; nervous signals are generally faster and more targeted.

Which gland secretes melatonin?

Pineal gland; regulates circadian rhythms and sleep–wake cycles.

What are the six major anterior pituitary hormones?

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin.

Which two hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

ADH and oxytocin; both are synthesized by the hypothalamus.

What does growth hormone (GH) do?

Promotes body growth and protein synthesis.

What does ACTH stimulate?

The adrenal cortex, especially cortisol secretion.

What do FSH and LH regulate?

Reproductive functions: FSH supports follicles and sperm production; LH triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production.

Which thyroid hormone helps lower blood calcium?

Calcitonin; it can inhibit bone resorption.

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Raises blood calcium; secretion increases when blood calcium is low.

Which element is required to synthesize thyroid hormones?

Iodine; required for T3 and T4 production.

What are the adrenal cortex's three major hormone categories?

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine; support fight-or-flight responses.

What does aldosterone do?

Increases kidney sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

What does ADH do, and what happens if it is deficient?

ADH conserves water; deficiency can cause diabetes insipidus and excessive dilute urine.

What do pancreatic insulin and glucagon do?

Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises blood glucose.

What is polyuria? What is polydipsia?

Polyuria = excessive urination; polydipsia = excessive thirst.

What causes the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Insulin deficiency or resistance causes hyperglycemia; urinary glucose can draw water out, causing polyuria and thirst.

What are the three phases of general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

What happens when phosphodiesterase is inhibited in a cAMP pathway?

cAMP breakdown slows, potentially prolonging the hormone's intracellular signaling.

What does the QRS complex represent on an ECG?

Ventricular depolarization

Which hormone helps lower blood volume and blood pressure by increasing sodium and water loss?

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

Which cells are mainly responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T Lymphocytes

Helper T cells recognize antigens presented with which MHC protein?

Class II MHC

What is the main function of the hepatic portal system?

Transporting nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs to the liver

Which structure normally acts as the heart's pacemaker?

SA node (Sinoatrial node)

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

Which heart chamber pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation?

Left Ventricle

Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary Arteries

Which heart-wall layer contains the cardiac muscle responsible for contraction?

Myocardium

A heart rate is 75 beats/min and stroke volume is 80 mL/beat. What is the cardiac output?

6 L/min (75 bpm x 80 mL/beat = 6,000 mL/min)

Which structure allows fetal blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium?

Foramen ovale

What is the main function of plasma cells?

Secreting antibodies

Which type of hypersensitivity develops over several days, such as poison ivy contact dermatitis?

Type IV (Delayed)

Which antibody class is generally the first released during a primary immune response?

IgM

Which gas is required by cells for aerobic cellular respiration? 

Oxygen

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

It contracts and moves downward

What is the main function of the alveoli?

Exchange gases between the air and blood

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Epiglottis

A patient develops a blockage in a blood vessel supplying the lungs because a clot fragment travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged here. What condition has occurred? 

Pulmonary embolism

What is the main function of fibrin in blood clotting?

Form a mesh that strengthens and stabilizes the blood clot 

What occurs during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis?

The damaged blood vessel constricts to reduce blood flow

During blood coagulation, what does thrombin do?

Converts fibrinogen into fibrin

Which type of white blood cell is specifically involved in fighting parasitic infections and participating in allergic reactions?

Eosinophil

What is the main function of white blood cells? 

Protect the body against infections and foreign substances

What is the main function of platelets during hemostasis?

Help form a platelet plug and promote blood clotting

Which white blood cells are mainly responsible for producing antibodies?

B Lymphocytes 

Which type of white blood cell is most abundant in the blood and is usually the first to respond to bacterial infection?

Neutrophil

What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

A thrombus is an attached clot, while an embolus travels through the bloodstream