unit 3 exam study

explain transduction of the auditory system, indirect or direct

inner hair cells crash into the tectorial membrane allowing K+ channels to rip open or closed to allow ion influx, direct

explain transmission of the auditory system, indirect or direct

inner hair cells release NT into the axon of the auditory nerve

describe the ascending pathway of the auditory system

cochlear nuclei, superior olives (dec begins), inferior colliculi (dec ends), LGN, PAC

Describe the push-pull in the auditory system

the superior olive responds to lateral intensity and timing differences cues in the MSO and LSO to determine sound location based on sound differences

what is sensory

what is perception

what is cochela frequency

what is amplitude

describe the wernicke model

in the somatosensory system, describe transduction for touch receptors

stimuli deforms membrane of receptors, Na+ rushes into cell (direct)

in the somatosensory system, describe transduction for pain/temp

Ca2+ rushes into cell (direct)

in the somatosensory system, describe transduction for the vestibular system

K+ flows in

in the somatosensory system, describe transmission for touch receptors

receptors have axons (direct)

in the somatosensory system, describe transmission for pain/temp

Myelinated A fibers (fast) and Unmyelinated C fibers (slow) (direct)

in the somatosensory system, describe transmission for the vestibular system

Hair cells send signals to the auditory nerve (indirect)

describe the ascending pathway for touch mechanoreceptors

dorsal column (start of decussation), medial lemniscous, trigeminal nuceli, VPN (end of decussation), PSC

describe the ascending pathway for touch pain/temp

locus coeruleus, superior colliculi, VPN, peri gray released enkephalins down dorsolateral tracts to dorsal horn to suppress c fibers

describe the ascending pathway for proprioception

muscle signals ascend up dorsal column, input from vestibulat system goes straight up to thalamus, dorsal stream from s1 for direct attention, ventral stream s2 for perception of object shape

what are the types of mechanoreceptors

describe push-pull in the somatosensory system

semicircular canals are paired with another on the opposite side of the head. rotation in one axis excites the hair cells of one canal and inhibits the other

describe transduction in the olfactory system

Golf is released to elevate cAMP levels which causes influx of Na and Ca ions. Ca activates Cl efflux causing APs (indirect)

transmission in the olfactory system

olfactory receptors of axons (direct)

describe the indirect transduction in the gustatory system

in bitter sweet and umami receptors, binding to rec