Clinical A+K sheet 4

Daily functional activity using ankle movements

Tip toe standing; walking; kicking a ball

Movement during tip toe standing

Plantarflexion

Plane and axis for plantarflexion

Sagittal plane; mediolateral axis

Prime movers for plantarflexion

Gastrocnemius; soleus

Assistant movers for plantarflexion

Tibialis posterior; FDL; FHL; plantaris

Antagonists to plantarflexion

Dorsiflexors: tibialis anterior; EDL; EHL; peroneus tertius

Muscles producing inversion

Tibialis anterior; tibialis posterior

Muscles producing eversion

Fibularis longus; brevis; tertius

Prime movers for dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior; EDL; EHL

Assistant mover for dorsiflexion

Peroneus tertius

Morphology of rectus femoris

Fusiform; bipennate

Origin of rectus femoris

AIIS and superior acetabular ridge

Insertion of rectus femoris

Tibial tuberosity

Actions of rectus femoris

Hip flexion and knee extension

Nerve supply of rectus femoris

Femoral nerve

Morphology of transverse abdominis

Deep horizontal abdominal muscle

Origin of transverse abdominis

Ribs 7–12; thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest; iliopectineal arch

Insertion of transverse abdominis

Linea alba; pubic crest; pectineal line

Actions of transverse abdominis

Trunk stabilisation and abdominal pressure control

Nerve supply of transverse abdominis

T7–T12; iliohypogastric; ilioinguinal

Classification of hip joint

Synovial ball-and-socket; triaxial

Articulating surfaces of hip

Head of femur with acetabulum

Intracapsular structures of hip

Synovial membrane; acetabular fat pad; labrum; ligamentum teres; transverse acetabular ligament

Extracapsular ligaments of hip

Iliofemoral; pubofemoral; ischiofemoral

Function of iliofemoral ligament

Prevents hyperextension

Function of pubofemoral ligament

Limits abduction and extension

Function of ischiofemoral ligament

Limits extension and medial rotation

Knee observation features

Alignment; patella position; varus/valgus; hyperextension; swelling; scars; muscle bulk

Muscle attaching to head of fibula

Biceps femoris; soleus; EDL

Muscle attaching to tibial tuberosity

Quadriceps via patellar ligament

Surface marking SIJ

Locate PSIS and follow C-shaped curve toward sacrum

Measuring lumbar flexion

Fingertip-to-floor distance during forward bend

Muscles for lumbar flexion

Rectus abdominis; obliques

Muscles for lumbar extension

Erector spinae; multifidus

Dorsiflexors

Tibialis anterior; EDL; EHL; peroneus tertius

Grade 4 dorsiflexion test

Sitting; dorsiflex against moderate resistance

Palpating hamstrings

Prone; resist knee flexion and palpate medial/lateral tendons

Gastrocnemius flexibility test

Knee extended; dorsiflex ankle

Soleus flexibility test

Knee flexed; dorsiflex ankle

Hip PAM examples

Longitudinal caudad; lateral distraction

Modified Thomas test purpose

Assess hip flexor and ITB tightness

Positive Thomas test findings

Reduced knee flexion (RF tightness); abduction (ITB tightness); rotation (rotator tightness)