BIOL 1002- Chapter 36.3-36.4: Flowering Plants- Structure and Adaptation

What are the two main parts of a plant?

Shoot system and root system.

What structures make up the shoot system?

Stems, leaves, and flowers.

What are the three main functions of roots?

Anchoring/support, absorbing water and minerals, and storing energy.

What do root hairs do?

Increase surface area for water and mineral absorption.

What are the two main functions of stems?

Support leaves, flowers, and fruit; transport materials between roots and shoots.

What are the two main functions of leaves?

Photosynthesis and gas exchange.

What is a meristem?

A specialized region where roots and stems grow.

Why is a vascular system advantageous?

It transports materials throughout the plant, allowing specialized organs.

What is the function of prop roots?

Provide stability in unstable soil.

How are desert plant roots adapted to limited water?

Deep roots access groundwater; shallow roots absorb rainwater.

What is the function of buttress roots?

Stabilize tall trees and support growth toward the forest canopy.

What is the function of cluster roots?

Increase absorption in nutrient-poor soil, especially phosphorus.

What is the function of pneumatophores?

Supply oxygen to roots in flooded soil.

Why do succulents have thick leaves and cuticles?

Store water and reduce water loss in semi-arid climates.

Why do carnivorous plants have modified leaves?

To obtain nutrients in nitrogen-poor soil.

Why are cactus leaves modified into spines?

Provide defense and reduce water loss.

Why do shade-tolerant plants have large leaves?

Maximize light capture for photosynthesis in low-light environments.

What is the function of rhizomes or runners?

Allow rapid spreading through vegetative growth.

What is the function of bulbs or tubers?

Store energy over winter for the next growing season.

What is the function of tendrils?

Help vines climb to access sunlight.

A plant grows in flooded soil and has upward-growing roots. Why?

To obtain oxygen for the root system.

A plant grows in a shady forest and has broad leaves. Why?

To capture more sunlight for photosynthesis.