Glass

Glass is considered a super cold liquid.

True

What are the three main ingredients in making glass?

Sand, Lime, Soda (+ other materials if wanted)

Where was the oldest glass found?

Pompeii

What type of glass is associated with Venice in the 10th century?

Venetian Glass

What types of glass did Murano produce?

Crown glass and cylinder glass.

How was early glass used in windows?

Glass was cut and placed in lead frames.

How was glass made into sheets by the 17th century?

Molten glass was cast into frames, spread into sheets by rollers, then ground and polished.

What happened to cylinder glass by the early 19th century?

It became mass produced.

What supported the glass at the Crystal Palace?

A cast iron frame.

What replaced cylinder glass in the early 20th century?

Drawn glass: an industrial sheet glass made by continuously pulling or drawing molten glass vertically or horizontally through rollers or a die from a furnace

What happened in 1959 that significantly improved glass production?

Float glass was used to create glass ribbons with parallel surfaces.

What type of glass makes up most glass produced in the world?

Float glass

What are the major steps in making glass?

Batching → melting → floating → annealing → cutting

What is batching in glass production?

Preparing and combining the raw ingredients before melting.

What happens during melting?

The glass ingredients are heated and melted together.

What happens during floating?

Molten glass is formed into a continuous ribbon with parallel surfaces.

What happens during annealing?

The glass is slowly cooled to create flat glass with uniform tension and compression.

What happens during cutting?

The finished glass is cut into usable pieces/sizes.

What are the two heat-treated glasses specifically listed in the lecture?

Tempered glass and heat-strengthened glass.

What is annealing?

A slow cooling process used to create flat glass with uniform tension and compression.

Why is annealing important?

It produces flat glass and creates uniform tension and compression.

What is the most common glass production process mentioned?

Annealing/slow cooling in the production of flat glass.

How is tempered glass produced?

Through a rapid cooling process.

What does rapid cooling create in tempered glass?

High tension in the glass.

Of these three glasses, which is the strongest?

Tempered

Why is tempered glass used?

For safety

How much stronger can tempered glass be according to the lecture?

Up to 8 times stronger.

Why is tempered glass useful for large architectural applications?

It is strong and can be produced in large sizes.

How is laminated glass constructed?

As layered glass with a thin polymer film inside

How does laminated glass compare in strength to tempered glass?

It is less strong than tempered glass.

Why is laminated glass used?

For safety and very large sizes/openings.

What is a major architectural application of laminated glass?

Large openings

What does fritted glass contain?

Embedded ceramic.

What are two purposes of fritted glass?

Creating patterns and helping with climate control.

What is electrochromic glass made of according to the lecture?

Double-layered glass.

What is electrochromic glass?

Glass whose properties can be changed using an electrical current.

How is electrochromic glass activated?

With a low electrical current that reacts with the gas b/w the layers of glass

What is electrochromic glass used for?

Privacy

What is the key difference between annealed and tempered glass?

Annealed glass is slowly cooled; tempered glass is rapidly cooled to create high tension and greater strength.

What is the key difference between tempered and laminated glass?

Tempered glass is stronger; laminated glass is layered with polymer and is used for safety and very large openings.

What is the key difference between fritted and electrochromic glass?

Fritted glass uses embedded ceramic for patterns/climate control; electrochromic glass uses a low electrical current for privacy.

What are the added materials to making glass in addition to (Sand, Lime, & Soda)

Magnesium, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Carbonate, Recycled Glass, Add-on mixtures