Microbio Test 2

three domains of life

• bacteria

• archaea

• eukarya

six kingdoms

• bacteria

• archaea

• within domain eukarya:

  • protista

  • fungi

  • plantae

  • animalia

mycology

the branch of biology that focuses on the scientific study of fungi

macroscopic fungi

mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi

microscopic fungi

molds and yeast

heterotrophic

an organism that can not produce its own food

saprophytic (sapo)

obtain nutrients from dead plants and animals

parasites

live on or in the bodies of living plants or animals

mycorrhizae

beneficial fungi associated with plant roots

Ectomycorrhizae

outer sheath around plant roots

Endomycorrhizae

penetrate cell root, most common type

Aspergillus oryzae

food fermentation

morphology

The study of the form, shape, and structure of organisms and their specific structural features

hypahe

long, threadlike cells found in filamentous fungi, molds (few yeasts)

mycelium

the woven, intertwining filamentous mass, composed of hyphae, that makes a mold

Filamentous fungi

molds

fungi

hyphae

spores

differentiated, specialized cell for dissemination and reproduction

mycoses

animal diseases caused by fungi

fragmentation

separated piece of mycelium can generate a whole new colony

sporangiophore

specialized stalk structure from hypha

sporangium

saclike head

conidiospores or conidia (connor)

free spores not enclosed

thallospores

form from vegetative hyphae or cells without special fruiting bodies

conidiophores

specialized fungal hypha that produces asexual spores called conidia

Microsporum canis

fungus that causes ringworm

histoplasma capsulatum

• heteromorphic spores

• found in soil in US where bird droppings found

• most breathe in ___ w/o getting sick

homothallic

when both mating types are present in the same mycelium

heterothallic

need two different, but compatible mycelia to reproduce

plasmogamy

two haploid cells fuse

karyogamy (karaoke)

the haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus

meiosis

spores that will be disseminated and germinate

mycotoxins

toxic chemical compounds produced by fungi

acute poisoning

vomiting, abdominal pain, liver damage, death

aspergillus flavus

highly toxic and carcinogenic to animals

claviceps purpurea (clavicular)

parasitic fungus which infects the seed heads of cereal grains (rye, wheat, barley)

ergotism (ego)

the toxic condition in animals

Stachybotrys chartarum

produces tricothecenes mycotoxins that cause asthma and other respiratory problems

Trichophyton rubrum

contagious parasitic fungal infection

cordyceps

zombie fungus

huitlacoche

corn smut

virus

genetic element that can replicate only inside a living cell, the host cell

virion

fully formed extracellular form of a virus, ready to establish infection in a host

capsid (cap + lid)

the protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid

capsomeres

identical protein subunits that spontaneously self-assemble to form the capsid

nucleocaspid (nucleic + capsid)

the capsid and nucleic acid together

envelope

an outer phospholipid bilayer and viral proteins

spikes

projections from either the nucleocapsid or envelope that allow viruses to dock with their host cells

rabbies

virus is bullet shaped

icosahedral

20-sided figure

non-enveloped

=. naked

direct penetration

only nucleic acid enters the host cell

membrane fusion

only the nucleocaspid enters the host cell

endosytosis

entire enveloped virus or naked virus enter the cell

viral replication life cycle

• attachment

• penetration

• synthesis

• assembly

• release

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cytophathic (psycho) effects (CPEs)

virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance

inclusion bodies

compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles in the nucleus or cytoplasm

syncytia (sync together)

fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei

lyctic

lysis of the host cell

measles

causes progressive damage and loss function

latent

exists in hosts genome, DNA

bacteriophages

viruses that infect bacteria

burst time

time from attachment to lysis

temperate phages (dame tiempo)

have the ability to undergo attachment and penetration but do not immediately undergo replication or release

prophage

an inactive state in which phage DNA is inserted into the host chromosome

induction ( to activate)

activation of prophage in a lysogenic cell to progress directly into viral replication and the lytic cycle

• activiation of lysogenic prophage followed by replication and cell lysis

lytic cycle

bacteriophage life cycle that ends in destruction

lysogenic cycle

lide cycle of bacteriophage that incorporates into the host cell DNA

lysogenic conversion

the acquisition of a new trait from a temperate phage

virophages

specialized satellite virus that inhibits or impairs the reproduction of the larger helper

prions

misfolded proteins

scrapie

prion diseases of sheep and goats

PrP^c

normal cellular protein in the bran and central nervous system

PrP^sc

scrapie prion, accumulates in brain cells forming plaques causing damage

CJD

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Diseases

Taxonomy

the science of describing and classifying organisms

Identification

the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized or named

classification

attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of categories

nomenclature

the assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms

Binomial system

a combination of the genus name and the species name

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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taxonomy

the science of classifying biological species

phylogenetic systematics

repeatable method for determining evolutionary relationships among species

phylogeny

the taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things

shape, arrangement, growth,

characteristics used to trace the origins and evolutionary relationships by early bacteriologists

Bergey’s Manual

• definitive published source for bacterial and archaeal classification

Two Bergey’s

combines phenotypic information with rRNA sequencing for classification

4 major divisions of bacteria and archaea

• gracilicutes

• firmicutes

• tenericutes

• mendiosicutes

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gracilicutes

gram-negative cell walls, think-skinned

firmicutes

gram-positive cell walls, thick and strong

tenericutes

lack a cell wall, soft

mendiosicutes

archaea

oxygen usage

• aerobic

• anaerobic

• facultative

aerobic

use oxygen in metabolism

anaerobic

do not use oxygen in metabolism

facultative

may or may not use oxygen

microbial identification techniques

• phenotypic

• immunologic

• genotypic

PIG

specimen cultivation

use of sterilized media that reveal identifying characteristics

selective media

used to enrich the specimen

to encourage growth of only the suspected pathogen , shows up metallic green

differential media

used to identify definitive characteristics and fermentation patterns