Cellular Respiration: Stages, ATP, Redox, and Fat Metabolism

What is cellular work?

Work that cells perform to stay alive and function.

What is cellular respiration?

To harvest energy to oxidize organic macromolecules

What are three examples of cellular work?

Moving things around inside the cell. Primary active transport. Building new molecules.

What is ATP's role in cellular work?

supplies energy for cellular work and the work of the organism.

What does the mnemonic OIL RIG stand for?

Oxidation Is Loss; Reduction Is Gain.

What happens during oxidation?

A molecule loses electrons and, in the way described in your slides, hydrogen.

What happens during reduction?

A molecule gains electrons and hydrogen.

During cellular respiration, what happens to glucose?

Glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide (CO2).

During cellular respiration, what happens to oxygen?

Oxygen (O2) is reduced to water (H2O).

What happens to NAD⁺ during reduction?

NAD⁺ gains electrons and hydrogen and becomes NADH.

What happens to FAD during reduction?

FAD gains electrons and hydrogen and becomes FADH₂.

What are NADH and FADH₂?

Reduced electron carriers that carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC).

What is the difference between NAD⁺ and NADH?

NAD⁺ is the oxidized form; NADH is the reduced form that has gained electrons and hydrogen.

What is the difference between FAD and FADH₂?

FAD is the oxidized form; FADH₂ is the reduced form that has gained electrons and hydrogen.

What five reaction groups should you study?

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation.

For each reaction group, what should you know?

Where it occurs in the cell. Its net inputs. Its net outputs. Why the reactions occur the way they do. The main concepts involved.

What does your green-highlighted slide say about fats and chemical bonds?

Fats are rich in chemical bonds that contain energy.

Why are fats an energy source for cells?

Their chemical bonds contain stored energy that cells can harvest during metabolism.

why are fats are associated with in relation to low-carb diets?

Fats being rich in energy-containing chemical bonds is presented as a basis for low-carb diets.

What is beta-oxidation (β-oxidation)?

A process involved in breaking down fats so their components can contribute to cellular respiration.

According to your slide, what are lipids broken down into during beta-oxidation?

Glycerol and acetyl-CoA.

Is ATP directly produced during beta-oxidation, according to your slide?

No. The slide says ATP is not produced directly during beta-oxidation.

If beta-oxidation does not directly produce ATP, what does it produce that helps generate ATP?

NADH and FADH₂.

What happens to the NADH and FADH₂ produced during beta-oxidation?

They can enter the electron transport chain, where their electrons help drive ATP production.

How does fat breakdown connect to cellular respiration?

by feeding directly into the metabolic pathways used to extract energy from glucose

What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?

Glucose.

What molecule is produced when glucose is broken down during glycolysis?

Pyruvate.

What does glycolysis produce besides pyruvate?

ATP and reduced electron carriers.

What happens to glucose during Stage 1?

It is broken down into pyruvate, releasing energy that is captured in ATP and reduced electron carriers.

What molecule enters pyruvate oxidation?

Pyruvate.

What is pyruvate converted into during Stage 2?

Acetyl-CoA.

What three things are produced during pyruvate oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA, reduced electron carriers, and carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Which waste product is released during pyruvate oxidation?

Carbon dioxide (CO₂).

What molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl-CoA.

What three things are produced by the citric acid cycle according to the chart?

ATP, reduced electron carriers, and carbon dioxide (CO₂).

What happens to acetyl-CoA during Stage 3?

It enters the citric acid cycle, where its energy is harvested and carbon dioxide is produced.

Which two stages shown in the chart produce carbon dioxide?

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.

What molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain?

Reduced electron carriers.

What happens when reduced electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain?

Electron transport leads to the synthesis of ATP.

What is the main product of oxidative phosphorylation shown in the chart?

ATP.

What molecule is consumed, and what molecule is produced in the oxygen-and-water part of the diagram?

Oxygen (O₂) is consumed, and water (H₂O) is produced.

What are the four stages of cellular respiration in order?

Glycolysis. Pyruvate oxidation. Citric acid cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation.

Which stages shown produce ATP directly in the diagram?

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation also produces ATP.

Which stages produce reduced electron carriers?

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.

What happens to the reduced electron carriers in Stage 4?

They donate electrons to the electron transport chain, helping drive ATP synthesis.

Which stages release CO₂?

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.

What is the overall purpose of the four stages?

To break down glucose and transfer its energy into ATP.