CS 3162 Final John Cole

The microchip

What technology is considered epochal and comparable to Gutenberg's printing press?

Economics, communication, and human behavior

What has rapid technological advancement reshaped?

It weighed 1 ton and had 5 MB storage

What was significant about the first hard drive built in 1956?

1 MHz

What was the computing speed of the space shuttle in 1991?

Several gigahertz

What is a common speed for computers today?

Humans design and build their own world, driven by purpose and foresight

What did Betty Friedan emphasize about humans compared to machines?

Over 5 billion

How many cell phone users were there by 2011?

Communication, photography, video, email, gaming, banking, GPS, health apps

List some functions of modern smartphones.

Aid in health management and resource discovery

What are some positive uses of smartphones?

Privacy issues, distraction while driving, and social issues like sexting and organized crime

What are some concerns associated with smartphones?

Features that allow remote disabling or data deletion for security purposes

What are kill switches in smartphones?

Classmates.com (1995)

What was the first social networking site?

MySpace

What social networking site had 100 million users by 2006?

A student directory at Harvard

What was Facebook originally created as?

Global connection, ease of sharing, mass collaboration

What are some benefits of social networking?

Cyberbullying, stalking, false identities, misuse by jurors or criminals

What are some risks associated with social networking?

From simple text-based emails to social media, texting, and microblogging

What is the evolution of communication from the 1980s to present?

Inexpensive tools for video sharing

What has contributed to the explosion of user-generated videos?

Remote diagnosis, exams, and surgeries

What is telemedicine?

They rely on volunteer contributions

What is the significance of Wikipedia and open-source communities?

Selling books

What was Amazon's original focus when it launched in 1994?

Direct sales between users

What is the peer-to-peer economy?

PayPal, encryption, secure servers, and seller ratings

What are trust solutions in e-commerce?

They track and sell user data to fund operations

What is the ethical issue with many free services?

A field of computer science where machines perform tasks requiring human intelligence

What is artificial intelligence?

A test to determine if a computer can convince a human it is also human

What is the Turing Test?

Will machines replace human judgment? Can machines possess consciousness?

What are some ethical questions surrounding AI?

Performing physical tasks, especially in hazardous environments

What are robots used for?

Devices that help people with disabilities regain independence

What is assistive technology?

Old problems in new contexts, adapting to rapid change, global reach

What are some recurring issues with technology?

Negative rights are freedoms from interference; positive rights are obligations to provide goods/services

What is the difference between negative and positive rights?

To provide principles that guide choices affecting others

What is the purpose of ethics in computing?

Institutional misuse of personal data, unauthorized insider access or leaks, theft or hacking of databases, accidental information exposure, and users' own actions (oversharing).

What are the major categories of privacy risks?

Government and private databases store massive personal data. Advanced surveillance and analytics tools. Users often unaware of data collection. Complex software can lead to accidental leaks. Re-identification: small data points can identify individuals. Information persists indefinitely online. Government access to corporate databases increases exposure.

What are some technological risks to privacy?

Inform users when collecting data. Collect only necessary data. Offer opt-out options. Retain data only as long as needed. Ensure accuracy and security. Create clear policies for law enforcement data requests.

What are the Fair Information Principles?

It protects the right of the people to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring probable cause and specific warrants.

What does the Fourth Amendment protect?

Personal data resides in digital databases, not physical homes. New technology allows surveillance without physical intrusion.

What modern challenges does the Fourth Amendment face?

Particle sniffers, Imaging devices, GPS trackers, Drones

What are examples of noninvasive but revealing technology?

It allowed wiretaps without a warrant, applying privacy only to physical property.

What was the significance of Olmstead v. U.S. (1928)?

It reversed Olmstead, extending privacy to conversations and establishing the 'reasonable expectation of privacy' standard.

What was the outcome of Katz v. U.S. (1967)?

Thermal imaging of homes without a warrant is unconstitutional; devices not in public use count as 'searches.'

What did Kyllo v. U.S. (2001) determine?

There is a debate on what constitutes 'plain view' in digital searches.

What is the debate surrounding digital searches?

While they enhance security, they significantly reduce privacy.

What are the ethical concerns with video surveillance and facial recognition?

It showcased the tension between privacy and national security.

What was highlighted in the FBI vs. Apple case?

Government agencies use private data for security, traffic, and social programs, but issues arise when data is repurposed.

How does the government use private data?

It enables secure, anonymous transactions but raises questions about the legality of fully anonymous payments due to potential criminal misuse.

What are the concerns regarding digital cash?

Businesses analyze user behavior for targeted ads.

What is data mining in business and marketing?

Informed consent is often vague or deceptive, with websites tracking users via cookies.

What is the issue with informed consent in data collection?

They allow users to limit tracking but are inconsistently applied.

What are 'Do Not Track' tools?

Does visiting a site imply consent to data collection?

What ethical question arises from visiting a website?

They analyze calls or chats to tailor responses, raising ethical debates about privacy invasion.

How do companies personalize customer service?

It is the right to remove personal data from online platforms, considered a positive right.

What is the 'Right to Be Forgotten'?

GPS and cell phones allow real-time monitoring, raising concerns about stalking, surveillance, and misuse.

What are the concerns with location tracking?

The Government Accountability Office oversees government privacy policies.

What role does the GAO play in government privacy policies?

Data mining is used to prevent terrorism but raises civil liberty concerns.

What is the purpose of data mining in preventing terrorism?

Pros: harder to forge, consolidated identity verification. Cons: threat to privacy, potential for government tracking.

What are the pros and cons of national ID systems?

Encryption protects digital communication. Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs) enable anonymous browsing.

What are some technological solutions for protecting privacy?

Consumers freely choose agreements, and the market responds to demand for privacy, but regulation can limit innovation.

What is the Free Market View on privacy?

Data misuse harms consumers, and errors in databases can be damaging; consumers need protection from ignorance or lack of choice.

What is the Consumer Protection View on privacy?

It restricts data transfer to countries without adequate protection and created the 'Safe Harbor' system for U.S. companies.

What does the EU Data Privacy Directive do?

It banned message interception.

What did the 1934 Communications Act accomplish?

It extended wiretap rules to email and electronic data.

What did the 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) extend?

Users share in protecting privacy by reading terms of service, adjusting privacy settings, and avoiding oversharing on social media.

What does personal responsibility in privacy entail?

Advocating illegal acts is often legal unless it directly incites harm.

What is the legal status of advocating illegal acts?

Use the least restrictive means when regulating content.

What principle should be followed to avoid chilling legal expression?

No, adults should not be limited to content meant for children.

Should adults be limited to content meant for children?

Obscenity depicts sexual acts that violate state law, are patently offensive, and lack literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

What defines obscenity in legal terms?

Aimed to protect minors; it was ruled unconstitutional for being too vague and broad.

What was the purpose of the Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996?

Targeted commercial sites with 'harmful to minors' material; it was struck down for chilling free speech.

What did the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) of 1998 target?

Requires schools/libraries using federal funds to install filters; upheld in court with voluntary compliance for funding.

What does the Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000 require?

The ban was ruled unconstitutional in 2011.

What was the outcome of the California ban on violent video games to minors?

Parental controls can block explicit material but may be inaccurate; industries use voluntary rating systems.

What are the issues associated with parental controls and ratings?

Possession, creation, or distribution of sexual material involving minors under 18.

What constitutes illegal child pornography?

Sexting can meet child pornography definitions if minors are involved.

What is the legal status of sexting involving minors?

Spam refers to unsolicited bulk email, often commercial, causing problems like fraud and overload.

What is spam in the context of commercial speech?

Targets commercial spam, requiring opt-out options but criticized for legitimizing marketing spam.

What does the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 address?

Such posts can result in administrative discipline.

What are the consequences of explicit or defamatory posts about school staff?

Reposting threats may incur shared liability depending on intent and awareness.

What is the liability associated with retweeting threats?

Platforms must balance free expression with community standards, such as removing violent videos.

What ethical tension exists in platform responsibilities regarding free expression?

They must weigh public interest against harm to individuals or national security.

What are the implications of whistleblowing and leaks?

Anonymity can enable harassment, fraud, and cybercrime, obstructing law enforcement.

What are the risks associated with anonymity online?

All Internet traffic should be treated equally without prioritization or throttling.

What is the definition of net neutrality?

Prevents ISPs from blocking or favoring content and protects innovation and freedom of access.

What are the arguments for net neutrality?

Private platforms can regulate speech, while governments must uphold constitutional protections.

What is the corporate versus government role in regulating speech?

Internet freedom affects worldwide democracy and human rights.

What is the global impact of internet freedom?

Making multiple copies for profit.

What constitutes a felony related to copyright in 1992?

Reproducing works worth over $1,000 within six months.

What does the No Electronic Theft Act of 1997 prohibit?

It includes anti-circumvention provisions and safe harbor protections for websites.

What is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998?

Recording movies in theaters.

What illegal act was defined as a felony in 2005?

Purpose and nature of use. Nature of the work. Amount and significance of portion used. Effect on potential market or value.

What are the four factors determining fair use of copyrighted material?

It doesn't reduce enjoyment, can promote sales by allowing sampling.

What are the arguments for copying copyrighted material?

It reduces creator revenue, deprives creators of control, and undermines business decisions.

What are the arguments against copying copyrighted material?

The use of VCRs for recording TV shows.

What was the concern in Sony v. Universal City Studios (1984)?

Time-shifting is considered fair use.

What was the ruling in Sony v. Universal City Studios?

Napster was found liable for copyright infringement despite claiming fair use.

What was the significance of the Napster case in 2001?

Companies can be sued if they encourage infringement, even if the technology has legitimate uses.

What was the ruling in MGM v. Grokster (2005)?

Technical controls, legal actions, and royalty systems.

What are some industry tactics against copyright infringement?

Uses encryption to restrict copying and sharing of digital content.

What does Digital Rights Management (DRM) do?

Anti-circumvention and safe harbor for websites complying with takedown notices.

What are the key provisions of the DMCA?

Conflicts with fair use, limits on innovation, and global differences in enforcement.

What are the challenges associated with the DMCA?