General Biology Lab Review & Mitosis

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cellular processes, macromolecules, enzyme function, genetics, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and stages of mitosis based on the lab review.

Lugol's Iodine Test

A chemical test used to detect the presence of starch, producing a blue-black color in a positive result.

Why is KOH used in the pea-respirometer experiment?

1. To absorb CO₂ so oxygen consumption can be measured accurately

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

10% NaCl

Water moves out of potato cells

Loses mass; becomes softer/flaccid

1. It loses water and shrinks

What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

Distilled water

Water moves into potato cells

Gains mass; becomes more rigid

1. Water enters; the cell becomes turgid

What direction does diffusion occur?

High concentration → low concentration

Benedict's Solution

A chemical reagent used to test for the presence of reducing or simple sugars.

Biuret Reaction

A chemical test used to detect protein or peptide bonds, which turns purple in a positive reaction.

Sudan IV

A dye reagent used to test for the presence of lipids.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher solute concentration.

Catalase

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas and water.

lysis

rupture of the membrane and the nuclear cell

Amylase

An enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars.

Enzyme Denaturation

The loss of enzyme structure and biological activity when exposed to extreme heat.

Genotype

The genetic makeup or specific allele combination of an organism.

Phenotype

The observable physical or functional traits of an organism.

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a specific gene.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a specific gene.

Monohybrid Cross ($Tt \times Tt$)

A genetic cross yielding an expected phenotype ratio of $3 \text{ dominant} : 1 \text{ recessive}$, where $25\%$ of offspring show the recessive phenotype.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen gas to generate cellular energy.

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)

A chemical compound used in respirometer experiments to absorb produced $\text{CO}_2$ gas so oxygen consumption can be accurately measured.

Fermentation

An anaerobic process that produces carbon dioxide gas as a byproduct.

Photosynthesis

The process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy, releasing oxygen gas.

Bromothymol Blue

A chemical pH indicator that detects changes associated with $\text{CO}_2$ gas, carbonic acid, and pH.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the spindle begins forming.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the center or equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to them.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell, and cytokinesis begins.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis during which nuclear membranes reform, chromosomes uncoil, the spindle breaks down, and cytokinesis finishes.