Zoology Q12

Why did the amphibians have thicker bones than the fish?

They need sturdy limbs to support their body weight.

The fish had neck bones.

False

What are advantages of having joints in limbs?

They support limbs and movement on land.

What is the importance of shoulder girdles for tetrapods?

Connect forelimbs to the spine

Enable locomotion

In amphibians, the sacral vertebrae are fused with the…

Pelvic girdle

The importance of pelvic girdle for tetrapods?

It supports the lower limbs

For the amphibian, were the limbs to the side or underneath?

To the sides

Limb placement relative to the vertebral column for the amphibian and reptile?

To the sides

The alligator has ________ neck vertebrae, and can move its head ________.

7-9, up, down, and sideways

A secondary palate allows an animal to…

Breathe and eat at the same time

Amphibians do not have a…

Secondary palate

For the cat, the limbs are _______.

For the alligator, the limbs are _______.

Underneath, to the sides

The number of (cervical) neck bones in both the cat and alligator are…

Roughly the same (7).

How is the sternum of a bird different from that of most tetrapods?

The keel structure

The keel structure is an extension of the…

Sternum

How are the birds’ clavicles different from most other tetrapod?

They are fused together, forming the furcula (aka wishbone)

What is different in birds’ rib cage area, compared to most other tetrapods?

There are connections between the ribs

What function does the difference in birds’ rib cage serve? 

Stability and organ protection

What is the difference in pelvis in birds, compared to other tetrapods’ pelvic girdles?

The pelvis is fused to the sacral + thoracic vertebrae

How does the difference in pelvic area fusion help birds’ bodies?

Providing rigidity for flight

What was different between the bird and mammal bones?

Mammal bones are much heavier, and not hollow

A feature inside bone birds, that mammal bones lack? 

Strutting 

What are pneumatic bones?

Hollow bones connected to a bird’s respiratory system

The function of incisors?

Snipping

The function of canines?

Stabbing, grabbing, tearing

The function of premolars?

Shearing

The function of molars?

Crushing, grinding

Label items 1-4.

1. skull 2. cervical 3. thoracic 4. scapula

Label items 5-9.

5. lumbar 6. pelvis 7. femur 8. fibula 9. tibia

Label items 10-15.

10. maxilla 11. mandible 12. sternum 13. clavicle 14. humerus 15. ulna 

Label items 16-20.

16. radius 17. carpals 18. femur 19. sacrum 20. metacarpals

Label items 21-25.

21. phalanges 22. patella 23. metatarsals 24. tarsals 25. phalanges

Label the diagram.

A. incisors B. canines C. premolars D. molars