Sciences de Gestion: L'Organisation, ses Finalités et ses Grandes Fonctions

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the characteristics, types, sizes, economic sectors, enterprise categories, finalities, and core functions of an organization.

Organisation

A group of people acting together toward a common goal by establishing a structure and mobilizing resources.

Bien (Good)

A tangible material product that physically exists and can be touched (e.g., garments from Sézane).

Service

An immaterial, intangible product consisting of actions that cannot be touched (e.g., home delivery, training).

Production

An activity carried out to manufacture goods or provide services.

Production marchande (Market Production)

The production of goods and services intended to be sold on a market at a price that covers production costs.

Production non marchande (Non-Market Production)

Free or quasi-free services provided by public administrations or non-profit organizations (e.g., a course in a public high school).

Entreprise Individuelle (Sole Proprietorship)

A for-profit private organization operated by a single natural person ($\text{personne physique}$) whose personal assets are committed.

Société (Company / Corporation)

A for-profit private organization consisting of multiple associates, endowed with a distinct legal personality ($\text{personne morale}$), and featuring limited liability (e.g., Sézane, LVMH).

Organisation privée à but non lucratif (Private Non-Profit Organization)

A private organization whose primary purpose is not to make profits to distribute among its constituent members or adherents (e.g., Emmaüs France, sports clubs, trade unions, cooperatives).

Organisation publique (Public Organization)

An entity managed by public authorities designed to satisfy the general interest (e.g., public high schools, hospitals, town halls).

Secteur Primaire (Primary Sector)

Economic activities centered on the exploitation of natural resources (e.g., agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, deposits).

Secteur Secondaire (Secondary Sector)

Economic activities focused on the processing and transformation of natural resources and raw materials (e.g., manufacturing industries, construction).

Secteur Tertiaire (Tertiary Sector)

Economic activities providing market and non-market services (e.g., financial services, personal services, education, catering, commerce).

Secteur Quaternaire (Quaternary Sector)

A recently added economic sector encompassing activities tied to digital technology and innovation (e.g., information technology, consulting, research, telecommunications, digital design).

Décret n°2008-1354

The decree implementing the Law on Modernization of the Economy that classifies enterprises into five categories based on headcount (effectif) and turnover (chiffre d'affaires).

Micro-Entreprise (MIC) / TPE

An enterprise with fewer than $10$ employees and an annual turnover of less than $2\,M€$ (e.g., artisans, real estate agents).

Petite et Moyenne Entreprise (PME)

An enterprise with fewer than $250$ employees and an annual turnover of less than $50\,M€$.

Entreprise de Taille Intermédiaire (ETI)

An enterprise with fewer than $5000$ employees and an annual turnover of less than $1500\,M€$ (e.g., Sézane with $260$ employees).

Grande Entreprise (GE)

An enterprise with more than $5000$ employees or an annual turnover exceeding $1.5\,Md€$ (e.g., LVMH).

Finalité d'une organisation

The profound raison d'être of an organization that justifies its existence, differing from legal forms and short-term measurable objectives.

Finalité lucrative

The primary purpose of earning a profit, remunerating associates/owners, and ensuring organizational survival (e.g., Sézane ensuring every collection is profitable).

Finalité non lucrative

The purpose of delivering a service to members or defending a cause without distributing profits (e.g., Emmaüs France using surpluses to fund social integration).

Finalité d'utilité publique

The purpose of satisfying the general interest through public funding without any profit motive (e.g., educating and training students).

Performance durable

Evaluating an organization's overall success across three core dimensions: economic (profitability and viability), social (fair treatment of workers and partners), and environmental (reducing ecological footprint).

B Corp (Sézane)

A sustainability certification obtained by Sézane in 2022 that recognizes for-profit organizations integrating social and environmental dimensions into their business model.

Fonction Direction

The enterprise function responsible for making strategic decisions, overseeing their execution, and implementing corrective measures.

Fonction Production

The enterprise function that brings together all stages involved in manufacturing a product or executing a service.

Fonction Finance et Comptabilité

The enterprise function tasked with securing, managing, and tracking capital and financial assets.

Fonction Ressources Humaines (RH)

The enterprise function responsible for recruiting, administering, and managing personnel.

Fonction Marketing

The enterprise function that conducts market studies and organizes advertising campaigns to promote products.

Fonction Vente

The enterprise function that organizes the commercialization of produced goods and services and manages customer relationships.

Fonction R&D (Recherche et Développement)

The enterprise function that encompasses all stages required to transition ideas and innovations from research laboratories to industrial factory production.

Fonction Achats

The enterprise function responsible for procuring raw materials, supplies, and components necessary for production.

Fonction Logistique

The enterprise function that coordinates the transport of raw materials into the firm and the delivery of finished goods and services to customers.