Brain regions

MRI

Magnetic and radio fields to make 2D images and stack to make 3D images. structural

CT scan

2D images stack to make 3D image. structural

fMRI

Magnetic and radio fields and track oxygen levels and blood flow to see brain activity. Functional

PET scan

Radioactive tracers to visualise glucose in the brain levels. functional

Hindbrain

basic survival functions : Pons, Medulla and cerebellum

Pons

Relays info between brain areas/breathing/sleep

Cerebellum

monitor/coordinate skeletal muscle movement

Medulla

controls involuntary processes

Mid brain

Relaying neural info between hind brain and forebrain : reticular formation

Reticular formation

filters/direct incoming info to brain areas. regulates sleep, alertness and arousal.

Forebrain

Complex mental processes : Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum

Thalamus

Filters sensory info (not smell) Relay centre

Hypothalamus

Regulates internal processes Maintains homeostasis

Cerebrum

Handles conscious/sophisticated cognitive functions

frontal lobe

brocos area, primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex.

Brocas area

Production of speech (muscle movement)

Primary motor cortex

initiates voluntary motor movements

Prefrontal cortex

logic, decision making, judgment, planning, problem solving

Temporal lobe

Primary auditory cortex, wernickes area

Primary auditory cortex

receiving and processing auditory info

Wernickes area (left)

speech comprehension, understanding language

Parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex

Primary somatosensory area

recieves and processes sensory info

Occipital lobe

primary visual cortex

Primary visual cortex

recieves and processes sensory info

Parkinson's disease

Progressive disease of nervous system characterised by motor and non-motor symptoms.

Neurodegeneration

degenerates voluntary muscle movements.

Epilepsy

Neurological disorder associated with abnormal electric activity in the brain.

Neuron

nerve cells that receive and transmit neural info

Dendrites

recieves info

Axon terminals

sends messages to next neuron

Myelin

insulates neuron for damage

Synaptic gap (synapses)

gap between neurons

Traumatic brain injuries

damage to the brain caused by external force

Psychological functioning

cognition, emotion (memory loss)

Biological functioning

movement impairment, behaviour and neuronal functioning

Social functioning

relationships, breakdown, or interpersonal skills

Non-traumatic brain damage

damage to the brain caused by internal factors

CTE

progressive/fatal brain disease associated with repeated mild concussions and head injuries

CTE diagnosis

only post-death: build up of particular protein substance in brain regions

Neuroplasticity

Ability of brain to develop from experience or environmental stimulation

Adaptive plasticity

Neurons ability to form new connection with undamaged neuron

Sprouting

Neurons ability to grow new branches on dendrites or axons

Developmental plasticity

changes in the brain from ageing or maturation

Synapse genesis

Formation of synapses in neurons when axon terminals and dendrites grow

Synaptic pruning

elimination of un-used synapses

Myelination

formation/development of myelin around the axon of a neuron.