The Periodic Table Topic Skills

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Topics and definitions, atomic structure of elements

7 Terms

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Atomic structure of elements

Atoms are the fundamental building block of matter
3 main subatomic particles
- Protons: Located in the nucleus; relative charge = +1 (positive); relative mass = 1.
- Neutrons: Located in the nucleus; relative charge = 0 (neutral); relative mass = 1.
- Electrons: Orbit around the nucleus in shells / energy levels; relative charge = -1 (negative); relative mass = 0.

What is an atom made up of at its center?
- The center part called the nucleus, containing protons and neutrons.
How are electrons arranged around the nucleus?
- Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in SHELLS (or energy levels). The shell closest to the nucleus has the lowest energy. Electrons occupy the lowest available energy level.
How do the numbers of protons and electrons compare in an atom?
- Any atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons, since atoms themselves are electronically neutral.

<ul><li><p>Atoms are the fundamental building block of matter</p></li><li><p>3 main subatomic particles</p><ul><li><p>Protons: Located in the nucleus; relative charge = +1 (positive); relative mass = 1.</p></li><li><p>Neutrons: Located in the nucleus; relative charge = 0 (neutral); relative mass = 1.</p></li><li><p>Electrons: Orbit around the nucleus in shells / energy levels; relative charge = -1 (negative); relative mass = 0.</p></li></ul></li></ul><ul><li><p><span><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">What is an atom made up of at its center?</mark></span></p><ul><li><p><span>The center part called the nucleus, containing protons and neutrons.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">How are electrons arranged around the nucleus?</mark></span></p><ul><li><p><span>Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in SHELLS (or energy levels). The shell closest to the nucleus has the lowest energy. Electrons occupy the lowest available energy level.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">How do the numbers of protons and electrons compare in an atom?</mark></span></p><ul><li><p><span>Any atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons, since atoms themselves are electronically neutral.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Element

An element is a pure substance consisting of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

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Compound

Compounds contain more than one type of atom and are held together by bonds.

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Periodic Table (All info)

What?
- It is the special chart that organizes all known elements.
Why do scientists use it?
- Because they sort it out into different groups because of behavior.

What does the Atomic Number tell us?
- The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. The periodic table is arranged in this order. (It is also the number of electrons).
What is the Mass Number (Atomic Mass) and how do you find the number of neutrons?
- The mass number is the total number of protons plus neutrons.
  - Number of neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

Rows (PERIODS)
- Tell us the number of electron shells (energy levels) an atom possesses. (elements in the same period have the same number of shells, not different)
Columns (GROUPS)
- Elements in a group have similar properties
- Share similar chemical/reactive properties because they have the same number of outer-shell valence electrons.

What splits metals from non-metals on the Periodic Table?
- The red staircase splits metals from non-metals.

<ul><li><p>What?</p><ul><li><p>It is the special chart that organizes all known elements.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Why do scientists use it?</p><ul><li><p>Because they sort it out into different groups because of behavior.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p><mark data-color="red" style="background-color: red; color: inherit;">What does the Atomic Number tell us?</mark></p><ul><li><p>The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. The periodic table is arranged in this order. (It is also the number of electrons).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><mark data-color="red" style="background-color: red; color: inherit;">What is the Mass Number (Atomic Mass) and how do you find the number of neutrons?</mark></p><ul><li><p>The mass number is the total number of protons plus neutrons.</p><ul><li><p><span style="line-height: 1.15;">Number of neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number</span></p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p>Rows (PERIODS)</p><ul><li><p>Tell us the number of electron shells (energy levels) an atom possesses. (elements in the same period have the <strong>same</strong> number of shells, not different)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Columns (GROUPS)</p><ul><li><p>Elements in a group have similar properties</p></li><li><p>Share similar chemical/reactive properties because they have the same number of outer-shell valence electrons.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p>What splits metals from non-metals on the Periodic Table?</p><ul><li><p>The red staircase splits metals from non-metals.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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What are valence electrons and why are they important?

Valence electrons are the number of outer electrons; they determine the way an element reacts.

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What makes the last group (noble gases) special?

Atoms of the last group (noble gases) have stable arrangements and are unreactive.

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Mendeleev’s Gaps:

Dmitri Mendeleev left gaps in his periodic table because he predicted the existence of elements that had not yet been discovered and left space for them until they were found