Patho Exam 2

respiratory

What are the 2 anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?

air-conducting and gas exchange

What is the air-conducting division of the respiratory system?

delivers air (nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)

What is the gas exchange division of the respiratory system?

swaps gases between air and blood (alveoli and capillaries)

What anatomical structures protect the respiratory system from harmful inhaled particles?

mucus, cilia, immune cells

What anatomical structures warm and humidify the air to protect the respiratory system?

capillaries

What is tidal volume?

amount of air moved in and out with a normal breath

What is minute respiratory volume?

amount of air moved in and out in one minute

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled over tidal volume

What is expiratory reserve volume?

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled over tidal volume

What is vital capacity?

sum of the tidal volumes and the reserves

What is residual volume?

amount of air left in the lungs after forced expiration

What is infectious rhinits?

viral rhinitis, common cold, usually caused by the rhinovirus, highly contagious, may be secondary to bacterial, incubation of 2-3 days

What are the manifestations of infectious rhinitis?

sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, sore throat, nonproductive cough, malaise, myalgia, low grade fever, hoarseness, headache, chills

What is rhinosinusitis?

inflammation of sinus cavities, exudate collects and blocks the sinus cavities; can be viral, bacterial, and/or fungal

What are the manifestations of rhinosinusitis?

facial pain, nasal congestion, fever, sore throat

What is epiglottitis?

inflammation of the epiglottis, LIFE THREATENING

What are the causes of epiglottitis?

haemophiles influenzae type B (Hib) and throat trauma

What are the manifestations of epiglottitis?

drooling with mouth open, inspiratory stridor, respiratory distress, assuming a sitting position, fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, central cyanosis, anxiety, pallor

What is laryngitis?

inflammation of the larynx, usually self limiting

What are the causes of laryngitis?

infection, increased upper respiratory exudate, overuse

What are the manifestations of laryngitis?

hoarseness, weak voice or loss, tickling sensations, raw feeling in throat, sore throat, dry cough, difficulty breathing

What is laryngotracheobronchitis?

CROUP; common viral infection in kids, usually parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses, airway narrows causing obstruction which can lead to respiratory failure

What are the manifestations of laryngotracheobronchitis (CROUP)?

seal like barking cough, hoarseness, inspiratory stridor, dyspnea, nasal congestion, anxiety, central cyanosis

What is influenza?

viral infection that may affect upper and lower respiratory tract, highly adaptive, incubation period 1-4 days, can cause significant problems with kids/elderly/immunocompromised

What is type A influenza?

most severe and most common in U.S.

What is type B influenza?

less severe

What is type C influenza?

usually causes small outbreaks

What are the manifestations of influenza?

body aches, malaise, fever, headache, chills, dry cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, sweating

What are the ways to prevent transmission of influenza?

hand washing, isolation, avoiding crowds, annual vaccination

What is acute bronchitis?

inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi

What are the causes of acute bronchitis?

viruses, bacterial, irritant inhalation, allergic reaction

What are the manifestations of acute bronchitis?

cough (productive or nonproductive), dyspnea, wheezing, low grade fever, pharyngitis, malaise, chest discomfort

What is bronchiolitis?

common acute inflammation of the bronchioles, usually respiratory failure, more frequent in kids under 1 in winter months

What are the manifestations of bronchiolitis?

chest retractions, nasal drainage, nasal congestion, cough, wheezing, rapid and shallow respirations, dyspnea, fever, tachycardia, malaise, poor feeding/no appetite

What is pneumonia?

inflammation in lungs that damage the bronchial mucous and alveolocapillary membranes

What are the generalized manifestations of pneumonia?

cough (productive or non), fatigue, pleuritic pain, dyspnea, fever, chills, crackles, pleural rub, tachypnea, mental status change

What are the generalized prevention methods for pneumonia?

hand washing, avoiding large crowds, vaccinations, turning to cough, deep breathing, smoking cessation

What are the generalized compilations of pneumonia?

septicemia, pulmonary edema, lung abscess, acute respiratory distress

What is viral pneumonia?

usually mild, can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia

What is bacterial pneumonia?

more common than viral, most often due to strep

What is aspiration pneumonia?

from aspirated fluid entering lungs

What is lobar pneumonia?

confined to a single lobe

What is bronchopneumonia?

most frequent type, patch, across several lobes

What is interstitial (atypical) pneumonia?

occurs in the areas between alveoli, routinely caused y virus or uncommon bacteria

What is nosocomial pneumonia?

develops more than 48hrs after hospital administration

What is community acquired pneumonia?

acquired outside the hospital or healthcare setting

What is ventilator associated pneumonia?

occurs in patient that have ben on mechanical ventilation for more than 48hrs

What is tuberculosis?

fairly controlled until recently, resistant strains have developed in immunocompromised, carried airborne

What are the manifestations of tuberculosis?

hemoptysis, night sweats, weight loss, anorexia, productive cough, fever, chills, fatigue

What are the prevention methods of tuberculosis?

vaccination, respiratory precautions, adequate ventilation, appropriate isolation

What is asthma?

common chronic disorder that results in intermittent reversible airway obstruction from a variety of triggers from infections to snoke

What is extrinsic asthma?

generally presents in childhood or adolescence, increased IgE synthesis and airway inflammation, causes bronchoconstriction, increased capillary permeability, allergens trigger

What is intrinsic asthma?

nonallergic reaction that usually presents after age 35; upper respiratory infections, pollution, and cold can trigger

What is nocturnal asthma?

usually occurs between 3a-7p, may be related to circadian rhythms

What is exercise induced asthma?

usually occurs 10-15 minutes after activity, symptoms can linger for an hour, followed by refractory period

What is occupational asthma?

caused by reaction to substances at work, may develop over time worsening with each exposure

What is drug induced asthma?

potentially fatal attack up to 12 hours post ingestion, frequently caused by aspirin

What is stage one of an asthma attack?

peaks within 15-30 minutes, related to bronchospasm

What is stage two of an asthma attack?

peak within 6 hours, airway edema and mucus production

What are the manifestations of asthma?

wheezing, shortness of breath, dyspnea, chest tightness, cough, tachypnea, anxiety

What is status asthmaticus?

an often fatal prolonged asthma attach unresponsive to usually treatment

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

debilitating chronic disorder, irreversible and progressive, airway obstruction, severe hypoxia and hypercapnia, cor pulmonale, often asymptomatic

What are the causes of COPD?

smoking, pollution, chemical irritants, genetic mutation

What is chronic bronchitis?

inflammation of the bronchi, productive cough, excessive mucus production

What are the complications of chronic bronchitis?

frequent respiratory infections and respiratory failure

What are the manifestations of chronic bronchitis?

hypoventilation, hypoxemia, cyanosis, hypercapnia, polycythemia, dyspnea, wheezing, edema, weight gain, malaise, chest pain, fever

What is emphysema?

destruction of alveolar walls leading to large permanently inflated alveoli, loss of elastic recoil and hyperinflation

What are the causes of emphysema?

genetic predisposition and smoking

What are the manifestations of emphysema?

dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, chest tightness, tachypnea, hypoxia, hypercapnia, increased anterior posterior thoracic diameter, activity intolerance, anorexia, and malaise

What is cystic fibrosis?

life threatening conditions causing severe lung damage and nutrition deficits, affects mucus membranes

What causes cystic fibrosis?

autosomal recessive mutation on seventh chromosome leading to abnormalities in protein involved in chloride cellular transport

What are the complications of cystic fibrosis?

atelectasis, recurrent infections, cor pulmonale, respiratory failure, malabsorption, malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, sterility, infertility

What are the manifestations of cycstic fibrosis?

salty skin, steatorrhea, delayed growth and development, meconium ileus, fat soluble vitamin deficiency, chronic cough, hypoxia, fatigue, activity intolerance, audible rhonchi

What is lung cancer?

second most common cancer, most deadly, smoking is most significant risk factor, small and non small cell carcinoma, VERY AGGRESSIVE

What are the complications of lung cancer?

airway obstruction, lung tissue inflammation, fluid accumulation, paraneoplastic syndrome

What are the manifestations of lung cancer?

persistent cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, frequent respiratory infections, chest pain, hoarseness, weight loss, anemia, fatigue

What is pleural effusion?

excess fluid in pleural cavity, pleurisy

What are the manifestations of pleural effusion?

dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, tracheal deviation, absent lung sounds or dullness, tachycardia, pleural friction rub

What is pneomothorax?

air in pleural cavity which can lead to collapse

What are the risk factors for pneumothorax?

smoking, tall stature, history of lung disease or previous pneumo

What is spontaneous pneumothorax?

air enters from opening in internal airways, occurs with bleb, primary (more mild) or secondary (severe)

What is traumatic pneumothorax?

result of a blunt or penetrating injury to the chest

What is a tension pneumothorax?

most serious, can cause collapse, pressure in pleural space is more than atmospheric pressure, trapped air that needs to be released

What are the manifestations of pneumothorax?

sudden chest pain, chest tightness, dyspnea, tachypnea, decreased breath sounds on affected area, asymmetrical chest movement, trachea and mediastinum deviation, anxiety, tachycardia, pallor, hypotension

What is a pulmonary embolism?

usually caused by thrombus, can also be caused by fat, air, or foreign body

What can a pulmonary embolism result in?

embolus with infarction, embolus without infarction, massive occlusion

What is atelectasis?

collapse of the alveoli

What are the causes of atelectasis?

surfactant deficiencies, bronchus obstruction, lung tissue compression, increased surface tension, lung fibrosis

What are the manifestations of atelectasis?

diminished breath sounds, dyspnea, tachypnea, asymmetrical lung movement, anxiety, restlessness, tracheal deviation, tachycardia

What are the prevention methods for atelectasis?

increasing mobility, coughing, deep breathing, pain management, incisional splinting

What is acute respiratory failure?

life threatening inability of the lungs to maintain adequate oxygenation, result of many respiratory conditions

What are complications of acute respiratory failure?

heart failure and death

What are the manifestations of acute respiratory failure?

shallow respirations, headache, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, lethargy, confusion

What is an ideal ventilation to perfusion ratio (VQ ratio)?

0.8

What is the surface of the alveoli coated with that is responsible for preventing alveolar collapse?

surfactant

T/F: When assessing for pulmonary disease, forced inspiratory volume in 1 second is compared to the forced vital capacity.

False

T/F: After birth, the newborn’s lungs inflate and begin working and exchanging gases.

True

T/F: Newborns are expected to have regular breathing patterns.

False

T/F: Respiratory rate of newborns may range between 30-60 breaths per minute

True

T/F: Up to 3 months of age, babies primarily breathe through their mouth.

False