chapter 6

Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because __________.

temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell

catabolism is __

exergonic

anabolism is ___

endergonic

heat is a kind of ____ energy

kinetic

chemical energy is a form of ____ energy

potential

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?

cellular respiration

what are the by-products of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide, water, and heat

Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _____.

total energy input equals total energy output

Which is highest in chemical energy?

one molecule of glucose

In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when _____.

high-energy electrons "fall" to lower energy levels

Potential energy is ___ energy.

stored

Which describes a characteristic feature of a system at chemical equilibrium?

The system can do no work.

Energy is generally released from which of the following reactions?

hydrolysis

energy

the capacity to do work

kinetic energy is ____

motion

potential energy is ____

stored

anabolism

building large molecules

catabolism

breaking down large molecules

anabolism consumes or releases energy?

consumes

catabolism consumes or releases energy?

releases

endergonic

a reaction consuming energy

anabolism is endergonic or exergonic?

endergonic

catabolism is endergonic or exergonic?

exergonic

exergonic

a reaction releasing energy

activation energy

energy required for a reaction to begin

larger activation energy means that the reaction is faster or slower?

slower

smaller activation energy means that the reaction is faster or slower?

faster

rate of reaction can be increased by ____ and _____

heating; enzymes/catalysts

heating does what when wanting to increase rate

increasing the energy of molecules

enzymes/catalysts does what when wanting to increase rate

lowering the activation energy

ATP name

adenosine triphosphastec

catalyst

speeds up a reaction by lowering activation energy

ATP is a form of what macromolecule?

nucleotide

ATP Hydrolysis

the process in which ATP gets energy

ATP Hydrolysis is exergonic or endergonic?

exergonic

ADP + P_i + energy from exergonic reactions make

ATP + H₂O

ATP + H₂O + energy from endergonic reactions make

ADP + P_i + ENERGY

energy is released when the phosphate attaches or detaches?

detaches

ATP is not suitable for what?

long term energy storage

ATP Hydrolysis drives ______ reactions

endergonic

ATP synthesis drives ____ reactions

exergonic

Cells can only store _________ of ATP

a few seconds

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

Enzymes are primarily what macromolecule?

proteins

enzyme shape = ?

function

active site

pocket where reactants bind; MUST have complimentary shapes

substrate

the reactant that binds with the enzyme

allosteric site

the non-active site

why is an enzyme no longer able to bind with a substrate after a reaction?

it moves to bind with the substrate

temperature and pH can change an enzymes _____

shape

inhibitors

a substance that binds to an enzyme and decreases activity

competitive inhibitors

binds at an active site, similar shape to the actual substrate

noncompetitive inhibitors

binds to the allosteric site

allosteric activator

binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity, changes shape

biochemical pathways

enzyme reactions that occur in a sequence

feedback inhibition

end product stops the sequence