ch 8 vocab

physiological fuel value

the number of kcalories that the body derives from a food, which differs slightly from the number of kcalories determined by calorimetry

hunger

the painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior; a consequence of food insecurity that, because of prolonged, involuntary lack of food, results in discomfort, illness, weakness, or pain that goes beyond the usual uneasy sensation

appetite

the psychological need to eat that occurs in response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates eating

satiating

having the power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating

thermogenesis

the generation of heat; used in physiology and nutrition studies as an index of how much energy the body is expending

basal metabolism

the energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12-hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

similar to the basal metabolic rate (BMR), a measure of the energy use of a person at rest in a comfortable setting, but with less stringent criteria for recent food intake and physical activity

thermic effect of food (TEF)

an estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store ingested nutrients)

adaptive thermogenesis

adjustments that the body makes in its energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status

body composition

the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissues that make up a person’s total body weight

body mass index (BMI)

a measure of a person’s weight relative to height; determined by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters)

underweight

body weight lower than the weight range that is considered healthy; BMI less than 18.5.

overweight

body weight greater than the weight range that is considered healthy; BMI 25 to 29.9

obese

too much body fat with adverse health effects; BMI 30 or more.

visceral fat

fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs

central obesity

excess fat around the trunk of the body; also called *abdominal fat* or *upper-body fat*

subcutaneous fat

fat stored directly under the skin

insulin resistance

the condition in which a normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal effect in muscle, adipose, and liver cells, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose

inflammation

an immunological response to cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells

ectopic fat

excess fat in locations other than adipose tissue

metabolic syndrome

a combination of risk factors—elevated blood glucose (insulin resistance), high blood pressure (hypertension), abnormal blood lipids, and abdominal obesity—that greatly increase a person’s risk of developing heart disease

amenorrhea

the absence of or cessation of menstruation

nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body shape and weight

binge-eating disorder

an eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of eating a significant amount of food in a short period of time with marked feelings of lack of control

bulimia

an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise

cathartic

a strong laxative

emetic

an agent that causes vomiting

female athlete triad

a potentially fatal combination of three medical problems—disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

muscle dysmorphia

a psychiatric disorder characterized by a preoccupation with building body mass

orthorexia nervosa

an obsession with good nutrition to improve health that is characterized by restrictive diets, ritualized patterns of eating, and rigid avoidance of foods believed to be unhealthy

relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S)

**a syndrome of impaired physiological functions caused by relative energy deficiency (too little energy intake for the energy expended)**

stress fractures

bone damage or breaks caused by stress on bone surfaces during exercise