[PHYSIO LAB FINALS] URINALYSIS

Urinalysis

What examination combines physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of urine to screen for renal, urinary, and systemic disease?

Urine

What fluid waste formed by the kidneys from blood plasma contains water, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and metabolites?

Physical examination

What pillar of urinalysis examines urine's visible characteristics, such as color and clarity?

Chemical examination

What pillar of urinalysis uses reagent strips to detect glucose, protein, blood, ketones, and other chemical properties?

Microscopic examination

What pillar of urinalysis identifies RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, and microorganisms in urine sediment?

Proteinuria

What abnormal finding involves increased urinary protein, mainly albumin, with total protein excretion generally above 150 mg/day?

Glycosuria

What condition describes the presence of glucose in urine because of hyperglycemia or impaired renal reabsorption?

Ketonuria

What finding indicates urinary ketone bodies associated with increased fat breakdown?

Hematuria

What finding refers to the presence of red blood cells in urine?

Bilirubinuria

What finding indicates conjugated, water-soluble bilirubin in urine?

Urobilinogen

What colorless product of intestinal bacterial bilirubin metabolism is normally excreted in small amounts in urine?

Urine pH

What measurement describes the urine's hydrogen-ion concentration and is typically around 6?

Specific gravity

What measurement compares the density of urine with pure water to assess urine concentration?

180 mg/dl

What approximate blood glucose concentration, given in the PDF, is associated with glucose beginning to appear in urine?

Acetoacetate

Which ketone body is primarily detected by the standard urine nitroprusside reaction?

Beta-hydroxybutyrate

Which ketone body is not directly detected by standard urine nitroprusside strips and is useful in evaluating DKA?

fresh

What type of specimen should generally be analyzed within two hours of collection to minimize changes?

ppe

What protective materials include gloves, an apron, and a clear mask when handling urine specimens?

Reagent strip

What diagnostic tool contains dried chemical reagent pads that change color after contacting urine?

Reagent pad

What part of a urine dipstick contains chemicals that react with a specific urinary substance or property?

Patient identification

What verification step ensures that the patient details match the specimen container before testing?

Dip technique

What procedure briefly immerses all reagent pads in urine for approximately 1–2 seconds maximum, according to the slide?

horizontal

How should a urine reagent strip be held to prevent urine from flowing between adjacent pads?

Specified reading time

When should reagent pad colors be compared with the reference chart to prevent under-reading or over-reading?

Glomerular filtration

What renal process moves water and small solutes from plasma into Bowman's space while retaining blood cells and most large proteins?

Tubular reabsorption

What renal process returns glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, bicarbonate, and water from tubular fluid to blood?

Tubular secretion

What renal process transfers substances such as H⁺, selected K⁺, NH₄⁺, and certain drugs into tubular fluid?

Renal excretion

What relationship describes the amount of a substance excreted as filtration minus reabsorption plus secretion?

Glomerulus

What capillary network performs the initial filtration of blood plasma in the nephron?

Bowman's capsule

What structure collects the filtrate produced by the glomerulus?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What nephron segment reabsorbs most filtered sodium and water and nearly all glucose and amino acids under normal conditions?

Loop of Henle

What nephron structure establishes a medullary osmotic gradient that helps the kidneys concentrate urine?

Descending limb

Which part of the loop of Henle is relatively permeable to water, allowing it to leave the tubular fluid?

Ascending limb

Which part of the loop of Henle reabsorbs salts but is relatively impermeable to water?

Distal convoluted tubule

What nephron segment performs additional electrolyte regulation, including sodium, chloride, and calcium handling?

Collecting duct

What nephron structure adjusts final urine concentration under the influence of ADH?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What hormone increases collecting-duct water permeability through aquaporin-2 insertion?

Principal cells

Which collecting-duct cells regulate sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and ADH-mediated water handling?

Intercalated cells

Which collecting-duct cells contribute to acid-base regulation through hydrogen-ion or bicarbonate transport?

Aldosterone

What hormone increases distal nephron sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What hormone promotes calcium reabsorption in selected nephron segments and reduces proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption?

Glomerular filtration barrier

What structure consisting of fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and podocyte filtration slits restricts blood cells and most plasma proteins?

Podocytes

What specialized cells form filtration slits around glomerular capillaries and contribute to protein retention in blood?

SGLT2

What proximal tubular transporter reabsorbs most filtered glucose in the early proximal tubule?

SGLT1

What proximal tubular transporter reabsorbs much of the remaining filtered glucose farther along the tubule?

GLUT2

What basolateral glucose transporter helps move reabsorbed glucose from proximal tubular cells toward the bloodstream?

Transport maximum

What concept describes the maximum rate at which renal tubules can reabsorb a filtered substance?

Renal glycosuria

What condition causes glucose to appear in urine because of reduced renal glucose reabsorption, even without marked hyperglycemia?

SGLT2 inhibitors

What medications decrease proximal tubular glucose reabsorption and consequently increase urinary glucose excretion?

Fanconi syndrome

What proximal tubular disorder can cause glucosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria, and bicarbonate wasting?

Beta-oxidation

What metabolic process breaks down fatty acids to generate acetyl-CoA for energy metabolism and ketogenesis?

Ketogenesis

What hepatic process produces acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate when ketone production increases?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

What serious metabolic emergency involves excessive ketone production and metabolic acidosis, usually due to insulin deficiency?

Glomerular basement membrane

What component of the renal filtration barrier helps restrict the passage of plasma proteins?

Conjugated bilirubin

What water-soluble form of bilirubin can enter urine when its concentration in blood increases?

Unconjugated bilirubin

What albumin-bound, poorly water-soluble form of bilirubin is not ordinarily excreted in urine in appreciable amounts?

Bilirubin pathway

What sequence begins with hemoglobin breakdown and proceeds through heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, liver conjugation, bile, and intestinal metabolism?

Urobilinogen pathway

What intestinal bacterial product is partly reabsorbed, partly returned to the liver, and partly excreted by the kidneys?

Hemolysis

What process involving increased red blood cell destruction can increase bilirubin production and urinary urobilinogen?

Complete biliary obstruction

What condition reduces bilirubin delivery to the intestine and may cause urinary urobilinogen to become absent or markedly reduced?

Net acid excretion

What renal process eliminates acid through ammonium and titratable acid while accounting for bicarbonate excretion?

Ammonium

What urinary buffer allows the kidneys to excrete substantial amounts of acid without requiring an equally large fall in urine pH?

Alkaline tide

What temporary post-meal phenomenon occurs when gastric acid secretion is accompanied by increased bicarbonate entering the blood?

Proteus

What genus of urease-producing bacteria can alkalinize urine and contribute to struvite stone formation?

Struvite stones

What urinary stones composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate are associated with urease-producing infections and alkaline urine?

Uric acid stones

What type of kidney stones are favored by persistently acidic urine because uric acid becomes less soluble?

Calcium phosphate stones

What type of kidney stones may be more likely to form in relatively alkaline urine?

Urine pH scale

What logarithmic scale describes acidity, where each one-unit decrease represents a tenfold increase in hydrogen-ion concentration?

1.005-1.030

What approximate adult urine specific gravity range is given in the PDF?

Dilute urine

What urine condition may produce a low specific gravity after high fluid intake or with impaired renal concentrating ability?

Diabetes insipidus

What disorder of ADH production or renal response can cause excessive water loss and very dilute urine?

Concentrated urine

What urine condition commonly occurs with dehydration and may produce a higher specific gravity?

Urine osmolality

What measurement assesses the number of osmotically active particles per kilogram of solvent, unlike specific gravity?

Glucose oxidase

What enzyme initiates the reagent-strip glucose reaction by oxidizing glucose and generating hydrogen peroxide?

Nitroprusside reaction

What chemical reaction is used by standard urine strips to detect ketones, primarily acetoacetate?

Diazo reaction

What chemical reaction is used by reagent strips to detect urinary bilirubin?

Nitrite test

What reagent-strip test detects nitrite formed when certain bacteria reduce urinary nitrate?

Leukocyte esterase

What reagent-strip test detects an enzyme associated with white blood cells, especially neutrophils?

Griess-type reaction

What chemical reaction principle is used by nitrite pads to detect nitrite?

False-positive result

What type of result occurs when a test indicates a target is present even though the target is absent?

False-negative result

What type of result occurs when a test fails to detect a target that is actually present?

Urinary contamination

What specimen problem occurs when foreign substances or secretions alter the reliability of urine test results?

Specimen refrigeration

What preservation method is used when urine cannot be tested within the permitted interval, according to laboratory protocol?

Urine specimen deterioration

What process can cause bacterial growth, glucose consumption, pH elevation, ketone loss, pigment oxidation, and cell lysis?

First-morning urine specimen

What specimen is often recommended when repeating protein testing to reduce variability from posture and daytime activity?

Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR)

What quantitative urine measurement is particularly useful for evaluating albuminuria?

uti

What infection may be suggested by compatible urinary symptoms, positive nitrite or leukocyte esterase, and supportive microscopy?

Cystitis

What condition involves inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder and may cause dysuria, urgency, and frequency?

Alkaline urine

What urine condition may result from urease-producing bacteria, plant-rich diets, or alkalinizing medications?

Acidic urine

What urine condition may be associated with high-protein diets, starvation, dehydration, or diabetic ketoacidosis?