Chapter 9: Joints

How does a bony joint form?

Two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears.(known as synostosis)

List the three types of functional joints and describe their range of motion.

-Synarthrosis: immovable joint 

-Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint 

-Diarthrosis- freely movable joint 

List the three functional joint types from the least movement to the most freely moveable. 

Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diathrosis 

Name and describe the two types of fibrous synarthroses

-Suture, a synarthrotic joint located between the bones and skull. (example: edges of the bones that are bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue) 
-Gomphosis, a synarthrosis that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. (example: fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket which is a periodontal ligament) 

Name and describe the one type of cartilaginous synarthrosis

Synchondrosis, rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. (example: epiphyseal cartilage)

Note: “chondros” means cartilage.

Name and describe one type of bony synarthrosis

Synostosis, rigid, immovable joint, created when two bones fuse together (example: the fusion of an infant's left and right mandibular bones) 

Note:“osto” (osteo) means bone.

Name and describe one type of fibrous amphiarthrosis

Syndesmosis, bones are connected by a ligament (example: the distal joint between the tibia and fibula) 

Name and describe the one type of cartilaginous amphiarthrosis

Symphysis, the articulating bones are connected by wedge or pad (example: the joint between two pubic bones) 

Name and describe the one type of diarthrosis.  

Synovial joints, permit a wider range of motion than other types of joints. Located at the ends of long bones. (example: upper and lower limbs) 

What is the relationship between joint movement and joint strength? Hint: The example in the book is the shoulder joint. 

The more movement a joint allows, the less stable/strong it usually is. For example, the shoulder has a wide range of motion but is less stable and more likely to dislocate.

Articular cartilage is smooth and slick. Why is this important?  

Prevents direct contact between bones. 

What is synovial fluid and where is it found?  

A clear, viscous solution that is found inside joints in small amounts. 

What process is used to deliver nutrients and absorb waste across capillary walls? 

Diffusion

Where are menisci located? What type of cartilage are they made of? 

Located between opposing bones (example: knee joint), made of fibrocartilage 

What is the function of fat pads?

Protect articular cartilages and pack the joint space. 

What structure is damaged when you sprain a part of your body?

Liagament 

Why does a broken ankle heal quicker than a sprained ankle? 

bone has a better blood supply than ligaments, which heal slowly. 

What are bursae? What fluid is in the bursae?  

Small pockets that reduce friction and cushion areas. Filled with synovial fluid.

What causes bursitis?  

Repetitive motion, pressure, infection, or trauma, that results in swollen bursae with excess synovial fluid.

Which type of joint allows for slight gliding movements? Give an example of this type of joint. 

Plane joint, slight nonaxial (example: intercarpal joints) 

Which type of joint allows for angular movement in one plane? Give an example of this type of joint. 

Hinge joint, monaxial (example: elbow joint) 

Which type of joint has oval articular faces nestled within a depression on an opposing surface? Give an example of this type of joint. 

Condylar joint, biaxial (example: phalangeal joints) 

Which type of joint has complex articular faces where each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other? Give an example of this type of joint. 

Saddle joint, biaxial (example: first carpometacarpal joint) 

Which type of joint only permits rotation? Give an example of this type of joint. 

Pivot joints, monaxial (example: atlanto-axial joint) 

hich type of joint allows circumduction and rotation in three different planes? Give an example of this type of joint. 

Ball-and-socket joint, triaxial (example: shoulder joint) 

Describe the movements of flexion, extension, and hyperextension. 

Flexion – decreases the angle between articulating 

bones in the anterior-posterior plane 

Extension – increases angle between articulating 

bones in the anterior–posterior plane 

Hyperextension – extension past the normal 

anatomical limit 

Describe the movements of adduction and abduction.  

Abduction – movement away from longitudinal axis 

of the body in the frontal plane 

Adduction – movement toward the longitudinal axis 

of the body in the frontal plane 

Describe the movement of circumduction.

a complete circular movement without rotation 

Describe the rotational movements called pronation and supination. 

Pronation – rotates forearm so that radius rolls 

across ulna and palm faced posteriorly (facing backward) 

Supination – palm turns anteriorly (facing forward) 

In the anatomical position, is the forearm pronated or supinated? 

Supinated because palms face forward. 

Describe the following special movements: inversion and eversion, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, opposition and reposition, and protraction and retraction. 

Inversion – twists the sole of the foot medially 

Eversion – twists the sole of the foot laterally 

Dorsiflexion – flexion at the ankle (lifting toes) 

Plantar flexion – extension at the ankle (pointing 

toes) 

Opposition – movement of the thumb toward palm 

or other fingers 

Reposition – returns thumb and fingers from 

Opposition 

Protraction – movement of a body part anteriorly in 

the horizontal plane (forward) 

Retraction – opposite of protraction (pulling back) 

The articulations between adjacent vertebrae form two types of joints. What are they?  

• Cartilaginous joints (between vertebral bodies)

• Plane synovial joints (between articular processes)

What are intervertebral discs and where are they located? What type of cartilage are they made of? 

discs that separate adjacent vertebral bodies, made of fibrocartilage 

What is the anulus fibrosus? What kind of cartilage is it made of? 

attaches the disc to the vertebrae, made of a tough outer layer of fibrocartilages 

What is the nucleus pulposus? What is its function? 

soft, elastic, gelatinous core that works as a shock absorber 

5) What is the cause of a person losing height as they age?  

because the intervertebral discs between their vertebrae become thinner and compress, and osteoporosis can cause vertebral compression fractures. 

There are several strong intervertebral ligaments attached to the bodies and processes of all vertebrae. What is their major function?

 Bind vertebrae together and stabilize the vertebral column. 

What is the cause of a person losing height as they age?  

because the intervertebral discs between their vertebrae become thinner and compress, and osteoporosis can cause vertebral compression fractures. 

There are several strong intervertebral ligaments attached to the bodies and processes of all vertebrae. What is their major function? 

 Bind vertebrae together and stabilize the vertebral column. 

Which paired vertebral ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?   

Ligamenta flava 

What do ACL and MCL stand for? 

ACL stands for anterior cruciate ligament, and MCL stands for medial collateral ligament. 

What is the name of the largest and strongest articulation at the elbow? 

Humero-ulnar joint  

What areas of the humerus and ulna make the humero-ulnar joint?  

between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna  

Where would you find the medial and lateral menisci (be specific)?  

The medial and lateral menisci are located between the femoral condyles of the femur and the tibial condyles of the tibia in the knee joint. 

Why is a complete dislocation of the knee very rare?  

because the knee contains several major ligaments

What bone is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris?  

The patella (kneecap) 

What joint is stabilized by the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments? 

The knee joint

What is the difference between a bulging disc and a herniated disc?  

A bulging disc extends outward, while a herniated disc occurs when the inner material pushes through a tear in the outer layer.

What is the medical name for the shoulder joint? 

glenohumeral joint 

Which joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint? What does this mean for the stability of the joint? 

The shoulder joint, however, is less stable and a frequently dislocated joint

What joint is stabilized by the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments? 

acromioclavicular joint 

Which joint is involved in a shoulder separation injury? 

acromioclavicular joint 

List four muscles of the rotator cuff. (SITS) 

-Supraspinatus 

-Infraspinatus 

-Teres minor 

-Subscapularis 

In what joint would you find the subdeltoid and subcoracoid bursa?

Shoulder joint 

Which joint is stabilized by the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments?

Hip joint 

Where are two places where hip fractures can occur?

femoral neck and the intertrochanteric region of the femur. 

What is rheumatism?  

pain and stiffness affecting the musculoskeletal system 

What is arthritis? 

joint inflammation 

What is the most common type of arthritis? What is another name for this? 

Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) 

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?  

autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks joint tissues and causes inflammation 

What causes gouty arthritis?  

crystals of uric acid form within synovial fluid 

Joints can be classified structurally as

bony, cartilaginous, synovial, and fibrous

The ligamentous connection found between the radius and ulna is called a...

syndesmosis.

A suture is an example of a(n)

Synarthrosis

An example of a synchondrosis is the articulation of the

Ribs with the sternum

Syndesmosis is to ligament as symphysis is to

fibrocartilage.

Which of the following occurs when the articular cartilage is damaged?
a. The exposed surface appears smooth.

b. Bristly, damaged collagen fibers form a rough contact surface.

c. The cartilage matrix thickens.

d. Normal synovial joint function is able to continue.

e. Friction in the joint decreases.

Bristly, damaged collagen fibers form a rough contact surface.

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?

a. protects articular cartilages

b. shock absorption

c. increases osmotic pressure within joint

d. lubrication

e. provides nutrients

increases osmotic pressure within join

Based on a functional classification, the hip joint is a __________.

Diarthrosis

The surface of articular cartilage is

Both slick and smooth.

Mike falls off his skateboard and sprains his ankle. Which of the following most likely occurs with this type of accident?

a. Dislocation of the ankle occurs.

b. Articulating bones are forced out of position and ligaments are torn.

c. A ligament is stretched and collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged.

d. The tibia is broken and must be set in a cast.

e. A bursa is damaged and leaks synovial fluid.

A ligament is stretched and collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged.

Small pockets of synovial fluid that reduce friction are called

bursae

A collagenous type of connective tissue that reinforces the synovial joint and is found outside the joint capsule is called the

Extracapsular ligament

Which of the following best matches the shape of condylar movement?

a. triangle

b. line

c. oval

d. square

e. circle

oval

Excessive turning of the sole of the foot outward is called __________.

Eversion

Which of the following synovial joints would allow angular, monaxial movement?

a. hip joint

b. first carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

c. knee joint

d. atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2 vertebrae)

knee joint

A movement away from the midline of the body is called

Abduction

To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called

opposition

Monaxial joints are known as ________ joints.

Hinge

An extension past the anatomical position is known as

Hyperextension

Which of the following movements is a good example of supination?

a. turning the hand palm upward

b. extreme bending of the head backwards

c. opening the mouth

d. spreading the fingers

turning the hand palm upward

Which of the following movements is a good example of depression?

a. extreme bending of the head backwards

b. spreading the fingers

c. opening the mouth

d. moving the hand toward the shoulder

e. turning the hand palm upward

opening the mouth

Nodding your head "yes" is an example of

Flexion and extension.

The atlantoaxial joint is an example of a ________ joint.

Pivot joint (a synovial)

Structurally, the joint found between adjacent vertebral bodies is a __________.

symphysis

The flava ligament is

A paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

A chiropractor manipulates joints, specifically the vertebral joints, to correct dislocations. What is another way to state this?

A chiropractor puts pressure on specific points to correct partial dislocations.

Tom was experiencing pain, numbness, and weakness in his lower back after he lifted a heavy box. Which of the following is the most likely injury that occurred?

A herniated intervertebral disc.

The elbow joint is extremely stable because

The ulna and humerus interlock.

The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the tibia and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments.

Cruciate

The structures that assist the bursae in reducing friction between the patella and other tissues are the…

Fat pads.

The normal movement of the knee joint during walking involves

both flexion and extension.

Complete dislocation of the knee is rare because

The knee contains seven major ligaments.

The "rotator cuff" of the shoulder functions to

Reinforce the joint capsule and limit the range of movements

Factors that increase the stability of the hip joint include

strong muscular padding, tough capsule, almost complete bony socket, and supporting ligaments

The most common type of joint inflammation is called

degenerative joint disease