r soc midterm 1

What did Paulo Freire principally write about?

• Thought of education as a tool of for social and political liberation

• Critiqued traditional schooling

• “Depositing” info into passive students, acting like vessels to be filled

• Advocated an educational approach based on dialogue and critical thinking.

• Education as a practice of freedom, and education is never neutral; it functions to facilitate conformity to the status quo arcs as the pracice of freedom that empowers marginalized people to transform their reality.

Geographies of Ignorance

• Term from German Willem van Schendel

• Not understanding the layers of knowledge from a geographic region

• Lack of awareness/erasure of Indigenous worldviews and lived colonial experiences

Indigenous Pedagogy

• land as a teacher (observation, interaction and personal relationship with the land)

• Holistic and rational ( Knowledge as experimental, feelings based, and interconnected across humans and nature)

• Storytelling/Story listening (Using oral stories as life long platform for learning laws, ethics, values, and ecological responsibilities

• Intergenerational transmission of knowledge (passed down from grandparents to grandchildren)

Who Termed Orientalism?

• Edward Said wrote a book called Orientalism

• It’s an academic critique of Western imperialist discourse, describing how western worldviews perceives every other worldviews without fully understanding them

Paulo Freire on Orientalism

• Brazilian educator and philosopher

• Wrote about critical consciousness and participatory education/research

• Thought education should be transformative and lifelong

• To be critical you have to value reflexivity over memorization, insights over facts

Epistemology

• The theory or study of knowledge - how we know what we know

• how knowledge is produced and what counts as legitimate knowledge

Howe do education and worldviews relate?

• Worldview is the foundational belief system that governs social institutions, management practices, and education models.

• Education reflects and transmits a society’s worldview

• White people knowledge: dualism (humans separate from nature) whereas indigenous education embeds Indigenous worldviews

Land pedagogy

• Educational approach where the land itself serves as the primary teacher

• Knowledge, ethics, and practices are learned directly from observing and interacting with the environment, grounded in relationality, reciprocity, intergenerational mentorship from Elders, and cultural resurgence.

3 types of Aboriginal peoples recognized by the Canadian constitution

First Nations, Inuit, and Metis

Why are stories important?

• Serve as essential functions to teach worldviews, guide ecosystems management and reciprocity

• Lifelong learning laws and roles (telling and retelling stories, listening and relistening,

• Deepening interpersonal and Ecological relationships

Why is North America also called “Turtle Island”?

The story of creation for North America

1. Sky woman falling

2. Sacrifice of the muskrat

3. Giant turtle offered it’s back to lay mud on, then danced around it, and it expanded in every direction, growing into a NA

What are the ward names in Edmonton? What do they mean?

• They represent local history, culture, and the spirit of reconciliation

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What is the Nehiyo/ Cree name for Edmonton?

• Amiskwaciy Waskahikan

• Beaver Hill House

What does the Braiding Sweetgrass metaphor mean

• Two people work together to braid it

• Metaphor for bringing together humans and the environment THROUGH braiding sweetgrass

• Combination of knowledge

Who da author of Braiding Sweet Grass

Robin Wall Kimmerer

• Bridging gap between science and Indigenous knowledge

• Academic Leadership: She is a Distinguished Teaching Professor of Environmental Biology at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF) and the founder and director of the Center for Native Peoples and the Environment.

• Named a McArthur Fellow (Genius Grant)

• Articulates an alternative vision of environmental stewardship

How did the Enlightenment change how we think about people and nature? Who were two

of the major proponents of this perspective that shaped Modern/ Western Science?

• It established a framework of dualism between humans and nature, inflating the humans role in nature as almost gods

What are some ways that “tradition” and “ecology” and “traditional ecological knowledge”

can be defined, according to Berkes (2018)?

• Ecology isn’t just a branch of science, but is knowledge of the natural world informed by experience, interaction and indepedence

• Actual engagement with the land

• Stories can be TEK

“Cumulative body of knowledge, practice and belief, evolving by adaptive processes handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their environment.” (Berkes, 2017)

What are some ways that Western Science and TEK are different?

• TEK wouldn’t let climate change get bad

• They aren’t opposites

What are some ways that Western Science and TEK are similar?

• They aren’t opposites

• Both can be quantitative and qualitative

• Both experimental and include data collection

• Too many different kinds of Western sciences and TEK’s

What are the spheres that make up Berke’s (2018) “Knowledge-Practice-Belief

Framework”

• Traditional Knowledge

• Western Scientific Knowledge

• Introspection and self appraisal

• Formulation of concept of Ideal Self

• Rediscovery of concept of spiritual exchange

When was the Canadian Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms signed? What

do they recognize with respect to Aboriginal peoples?

• April 17 1982

• Affirmed existing treaty rights

• Affirmed rights already existed

What are the 3 recognized Indigenous Organizations

1. Assembly of First Nations

2. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK)

3. Metis National Council

Undrip

• United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

• Ratified as law in 2021

• Rights enshrined in United Nations constitution

• Not included in Canadian legal system

Doctrine of Discovery

• Doctrine that allowed Europeans to steal land on the grounds that non Christians weren’t people

• Colonial asl

What does “Terra Nullius” mean?

“Nobody’s Land”

• Hand in hand with doctrine of Discovery

Who is the current UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?

• Dr Albert K Baruame

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What are the three main recommendations of the recent UN Special Rapporteur on the

Rights of Indigenous Peoples report (three main aims that Canada should foster)?

• Reconciliation

• Decolonization

• Self determination

What is the TRC

• Truth and Reconciliation Commission

• Commission to ratify the harm done to Indigenous Communities from the colonization of Canada

When was the TRC final report released?

2015

How many recommendations dis the TRC final report include?

• 94 calls to action

What is the difference between Indigenous Knowledges and Indigenous Knowledge

Systems

• Knowledge systems are in place to spread Indigenous knowledge

What is the difference between the extraction and incorporation of Indigenous

knowledges

• Extraction views knowledge as a resource

• Incorporation includes fully understanding the topic in how it was derived

What is the general content of Article 31 of UNDRIP?

• guarantees Indigenous peoples the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, traditional cultural expressions, and intellectual property over these domains

What are the names of some Indigenous approaches to knowledge sharing?

rational, experiential, and community driven

M’s-it No’kmaq (All my relations) 7 Principles

• Accepting Indigenous worldviews of ecologies, and M’s-it No’kmaq

• Learning about the Indigenous languages of the land

• Natural laws and Netukulimk guiding principles of M’s-it No’kmag

Netukulimk

a foundational Mi’kmaq cultural concept, customary law, and way of life that guides sustainable living, resource management, and stewardship on Wskitqamu (Mother Earth)

When was the Durban Accord signed? Why was it important?

• 2003, and was used to integrate conservation and ethics

• Giant call to action to continue to conserve with Indigenous peoples and braiding knowledge together in effectively conserving and protecting the natural world

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What is the “Ethical Space” Who coined that term?

• Coined by Canada’s ICE (Indigenous Circle of Experts)

• Ethical space is a place where people are able to share views and knowledge with mutual respect and understanding

When was the Royal Proclamations and when was it signed?

• 1763

• Gave aboriginal people rights to land through treaties

When was the Treaty of Niagara signed? What type of treaty was it (Peace and Friendship, numbered treaty, modern treaty)?

• 1764

• Peace and Friendship treaty

When was the report on the Royal Commission on Aborignal Peoples released?

• 1996

What is the Duty to consult and accommodate? When did the Supreme Court of Canada put it into effect?

• 2004-2005

• Means the government has a duty to consult and accommodate any resource projects that they want on Indigenous Lands

Are Aboriginal Rights granted by the Canadian Government?

• No, they’re inherent

What is Aboriginal Title

• Inherent, collective rights of Indigenous Peoples to use their land, and have jurisdiction over their traditional ancestral territories