Human Growth & Development ATI Terms

APGAR Score

Uses five indicators (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respirations) to quickly determine whether a newborn requires immediate medical care at 1 min and 5 min after birth.

Associative Play

A small group of preschool-aged children who interact with each other in a similar or identical activity but there are no well-established rules.

Conception

When a single male sperm cell penetrates and successfully fertilizes the female egg.

Deciduous teeth

Commonly known as baby teeth. They are the first set of teeth and will be lost and replaced by permanent teeth.

Embryonic period

The first stage of prenatal development that begins the third week after conception and lasts until the end of the eighth week, during which body structures and internal organs develop.

fetal period

The last stage of prenatal development. It begins at the ninth week and ends at birth.

Fontanels

Two open areas found between the newborn infant's skull bones. Infants have an anterior fontanel, often known as the soft spot, and a posterior fontanel.

Gerontology

The study of aging of individuals across the lifespan including the study of physical, mental, and social changes in people as they age.

Human attachment

An enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another over time and space and infants need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for expected social and emotional development

Human Genome Project

A National Institutes of Health-funded research that was able to identify how types of human behavior may be traced to certain strands of DNA located on specific chromosomes.

Immunizations

Giving an individual a vaccine to increase their immunity to certain infectious diseases such as pertussis or shingles.

Infancy

Is a stage of development that occurs from 2 days of age through the first year of life.

Lanugo

Fine hair that covers the skin of most newborns and disappears in the first few days after birth.

Malocclusion

A misalignment of the upper and lower teeth when the client bites down. Often referred to as an overbite or crossbite.

Object permanence

Begins at 9 months of age and is fully developed in toddlerhood. It is the cognitive understanding that an object exists even when it cannot be seen or heard.

Parallel play

A type of play that occurs during the toddler years. Toddlers will play side by side but not interact with each other.

Prenatal development

Period of development that occurs from conception to birth; takes an average of 38 to 40 weeks and is divided into three periods: zygote, embryo, and fetus.

Preschool

A stage of early childhood development which generally refers to children from ages 3 to 6 years old.

Puberty

A period of rapid growth and development resulting in emergence of sexual differences between females and males regarding adult body size, composition, and shape.

Puberty begins during preadolescence, a stage of development that is expected to begin between ages 11 and 13.

Teratogens

May cause physical malformations and abnormal prenatal development. The effect of teratogens on the unborn child depends on the duration of exposure, the amount of teratogenic substance, and the stage of embryonic or fetal development when exposure occurs.

- include infections and meds

Toddlerhood

Is a developmental period that typically occurs from 12 months of age until 36 months of age.

Vaccine

A pharmacological agent that is given to produce antibodies to fight against certain infectious diseases. If the individual becomes exposed to the infectious agent, the antibodies produced from the vaccine they received will prevent the individual from getting the disease or minimize the effects of the disease.

Vernix caseosa

A white, cheeselike covering that is found in the skin creases of a newborns. It serves to protect the fetus's skin during pregnancy.

Viability

Between 22 and 28 weeks, most bodily systems function well; an infant born at this point is considered to be able to survive.

Newborn

0-28 Days

Rooting (newborn reflex)

Stimulate: Stroke the cheek or touch the side of the mouth

Response: Turns toward source, opens mouth, begins to suckle

Moro (newborn reflex)

S: Sudden movement or loud noise

R: Startles, extends arms and legs, then pulls them inward toward the body

Tonic Neck (newborn reflex)

S: With the newborn lying supine, turn the head to the side

R: Extends the arm and leg on that side

Sucking (newborn reflex)

S: Mouth touched by an object

R: Suckles on the object

Babinksi (newborn reflex)

S: Stroke the sole of the foot

R: Toes fan outward and foot turns inward

Grasping (newborn reflex)

S: Palm touched by an object

R: Grasps the object in palm

Blinking (newborn reflex)

S: Flash of light or puff of air

R: closes eyes

Stepping (newborn reflex)

S: Newborn held upright with the feet touching a surfce

R: Moves feet as if to walk

Middle childhood

Between preschool and adolescence

~6 - puberty (~12)

Adolescence

12-20 years

Young Adults

Usually complete their physical growth by age 20. All organs and body systems are fully developed and mature by this age. However, brain development does not stop with the completion of puberty, when adult brain size is attained. Instead, brain maturation continues beyond adolescence, extending until approximately age 25 years.

Middle Adulthood

spans the period of life from the mid-forties through the early sixties.

Late adulthood

65 years +

Cephalocaudal Principle (Universal Principle)

Human development follows a head-to-toe progression. Infants gain control over their neck and head before they can control their extremities.

Proximodorsal Principle (Universal Principle)

Human development progresses from the center of the body in an outward direction. The spine develops first, followed by extremities, then fingers and toes.

Simple to complex (Universal Principle)

Human development evolves in an orderly fashion from simple to complex. Infants accomplish head control before they are able to crawl.

Continous process (Universal Principle)

Human development is a continuous process characterized by periods of growth spurts and periods of slow and steady growth.

General to specific (Universal Principle)

Human development occurs from large muscle movement to more refined muscle movements.

Individualized rates (Universal Principle)

Human development varies from individual to individual. Each person has their own growth timetable and rate of development.

Failure to Thive

Growth faltering/faltering weight

Child Maltreatment

the abuse or neglect of children younger than 18 years of age, including both physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and negligence. Childhood maltreatment also includes any form of exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development, or dignity.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

characterized by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Children who experience inattention may be disorganized, lack persistence, and have difficulty focusing and staying on task.

Hyperactivity (in ADHD)

characterized by restlessness, constant movements, and fidgeting.

Impulsivity (in ADHD)

marked by a child making hasty or imprudent decisions that occur in the moment without much thought; these impulsive actions have the potential to result in harm or be perceived by the child as having an immediate reward.

Complications of childhood obesity

CV: elevated cholesterol, hypertension, chronic inflammation

Psychosocial: poor self esteem, depression, eating disorders

Pulmonary: sleep apnea, asthma, exercise intolerance

Musculoskeletal: osteoarthritis, flat fleet

Endocrine: Type 2 diabetes, precocious puberty

GI: gallstones