Fathers and Councils

Church Fathers and 7 Christological councils. Christology.

Justin Martyr key points

General revelation and Christ’s particular revelation

Irenaeus of Lyon key points

Christ recapitulates God’s saving work; Son and Holy Spirit as hands of the Father

Tertullian key points

Two natures of Jesus are unmingled; God took on materiality; Images convey relationship between Son and Father

Melito

Jesus is the Passover Lamb; OT Passover was a foreshadowing of Jesus

Nicea I date

325

Edict of Milan date

313

Nicea I heresy

Arianism

Arianism

Jesus is a creature

Nicea I pronouncement

Jesus is God, of the same essence as the Father

Constantinople I date

381

Date Christianity made state religion in Rome

380

Constantinople I heresy

Apollinarianism

Appolinarianism

Logos did not take on a human mind/rational soul; Jesus is not fully human

Constantinople I pronouncement

Jesus is fully divine and fully human. The Holy Spirit is a divine person.

Ephesus date

431

Ephesus heresy

Nestorianism

Nestorianism

Jesus is 2 persons in 1 person of union; Mary is not Theotokos

Ephesus pronouncement

Christ has two natures in one person (hypostatic union); Mary is Theotokos

Chalcedon date

451

Chalcedon heresy

Monophysitism

Monophysitism

After incarnation, there is one nature in Christ

Chalcedon pronouncement

There are two natures, without change or separation

Monophysitism founder

Eutyches

Constantinople II date

553

Constantinople II heresy

Three groups accused of Nestorianism; emperor issued edict against them

Emperor who issued edict against groups accused of Nestorianism

Justinian I

Year in which imperial edict condemning Nestorianism is issued

543/544

Constantinople II pronouncement

Nestorianism is condemned

Constantinople III date

680

Constantinople III heresy

Monothelitism

Monothelitism

Christ has only one will

Monothelitism founder

Pope Honorius I

Constantinople III pronouncement

There are two wills and two energies in Christ, fully coordinated

Nicea II date

787

Nicea II heresy

Iconoclasm

Iconoclasm

Ban on images and icons in churches

Date of issue of Iconoclasm edict

726

Issuer of Iconoclasm edict

Byzantine Emperor Leo III

Nicea II pronouncement

Iconoclasm condemned; images should be in churches

Gnosticism

People are saved by a secret knowledge; creation is evil

Docetism

Jesus only appeared as human

Council that produced Nicene Creed

Nicea I

Council that prouced Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed

Constantinople I