Exam 2

What is the breakdown of molecules and compounds to generate chemical energy (ATP), reducing power (NADH), and anabolic precursors?

Catabolism

What is the synthesis and assembly of macromolecules (i.e. proteins, lipids, DNA) and their subunits?

Anabolism

Catabolism is similar to what source that every organism needs?

Energy source

Anabolism is similar to what source that every organism needs?

Carbon source

What are the three forms of energy used by living organisms?

Redox potential, chemical energy, and gradients

What are the two types of reactions that contribute to life’s use of chemical energy?

Exergonic and endergonic reactions

A reaction that releases energy is known as?

Exergonic

A reaction that requires energy is known as?

Endergonic

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy are known as?

Enzymes

Non-protein elements that are bound to an enzyme and assist in catalyzing reactions are known as?

Enzyme Cofactors

Enzyme cofactors that use micronutrients are known as?

Inorganic enzyme cofactors

Enzyme cofactors that include many vitamins and heme are known as?

Organic enzyme cofactors

True or false: Organic cofactors are organic compounds that carry molecules or electrons to assist in a reaction

True

True or false: Inorganic cofactors are compounds that carry molecules or electrons to assist in a reaction

False

True or False: Organic cofactors are loosely bound to their enzymes

True

What are three examples of organic cofactors that are involved in electron transfer?

NADH, NADPH, and FADH

What is an example of an organic cofactor that is involved in acetyl group transfer?

Coenzyme A

Is the conversion from ATP to ADP highly endergonic or exergonic?

Exergonic

Is the conversion of ADP to ATP highly endergonic or exergonic?

Endergonic

What are the three ways to generate adenosine triphosphate?

Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation

Highly exergonic chemical reactions drive the process of what ATP generative process (TCA)

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Proton motive force generated by harvesting chemical energy drives the process is involved in?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Proton motive force generated by harvesting light energy drives the process of what?

Photophosphorylation

Movement of electrons between atoms or molecules is involved in?

Redox chemistry

The tendency of an atom/molecule to give an electron to another atom/molecule is known as?

Redox potential

The electron acceptor is known as the?

Oxidizer

The electron donor is known as the?

Reducer

An electron donor giving away an electron is known as?

Oxidation

An electron acceptor receiving an electron is known as?

Reduction

If I am gaining an electron I am being?

Reduced

If I am giving an electron I am being?

Oxidized

If my redox state is very low, I am considered a?

Strong reducer

If my redox state is very high, I am considered a?

Strong oxidizer?

If compound A has a redox state of -0.17 and compound B has a redox state of -0.48, which compound is the reducer?

Compound B

If compound A has a redox state of -0.17 and compound B has a redox state of -0.48, what is the redox potential between them?

0.31

What is the oxidized version of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD+

What is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH

What is the difference between ATP and NADH?

ATP gives energy directly while NADH can be used to make ATP through ETC

What two molecules are used by organisms to gain energy from chemical energy?

Glucose and ATP

What two molecules are used by organisms to harness redox potential to gain energy?

NADH and FADH₂

What molecule is used to harness the energy from gradients?

Hydrogen

Chemoorganotrophy uses what chemical reaction as the first step of metabolism to produce ATP?

Glycolysis

Glycolysis in chemotrophy leads directly into what other process?

TCA

TCA in chemotrophy leads directly into what other process?

ETC

Glycolysis forms what 3 products?

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

What comes in between glycolysis and tca?

Pyruvate becomes Acetyl coA

TCA turns Acetyle CoA into what products?

6 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

During the transition step between glycolysis and the tca cycle, what is formed converting pyruvate into acetyl coa?

2 NADH

What is the protein that holds ADP close to PO₄ to make ATP?

ATP Synthase

How many hydrogen must flow across the membrane to torque ATP Synthase to make 1 ATP?

4

One glucose molecule makes how much ATP?

34

How much hydrogen is donated by 1 NADH?

12

How much hydrogen is donated by one FADH₂?

8

Aerobic respiration uses what as the final electron donor?

Oxygen

Through anaerobic respiration, what dictates how many ATP is made with O₂ being absent as the final electron donor?

The redox potential in the ETC

Chemolithotrophs take electrons from inorganic materials but still use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. However, they do not use what organic molecules for their ETC?

NADH and FADH₂

Since chemolithotrophs do not use organic material as their energy source, what processes of organic metabolism do they skip?

Glycolysis and TCA

What is an alternative to the TCA used by chemotrophs in the absence of oxygen?

Fermentation

Why is fermentation important even though it skips TCA?

It oxidizes NADH to continue glycolysis

The capture of light energy to generate ATP and NADH is known as?

Photosynthesis

Taking an electron from water & releasing O2 is known as what photosynthesis?

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Taking an electron from anything other than water is known as what photosynthesis?

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

What group uses light generated ATP & NADPH to fix CO2 (biomass)?

Photoautotrophs

What group makes ATP from light but gets carbon & NADH from breaking down organics?

Photoheterotrophs

What three structures are important for light capture?

Photosystems, reaction center pigments, and light harvesting pigments

Protein complexes that contain chlorophyll in a reaction center are known as?

Photosystems

Cyanobacteria use what light-harvesting pigments?

Phycobilisomes

Pigments in cyanobacteria that funnel light to chlorophyll are known as?

Phycobilisomes

What are phycobilisomes made of?

Phycobilins

In algae and plants, what light-harvesting pigments are used?

Multitudes of chlorophyl that bounce light toward the reaction center

What is the function of light harvesting pigments and light harvesting complexes?

To funnel light to the photosystem

What happens to reaction center chlorophyll when it absorbs light energy?

It shifts to an excited state

When chlorophyl becomes excited, what chemically happened?

It changes its redox state and becomes a strong reducer

What is the electron donor that reduces PSII?

Water

Once PSII is reduced and Chla is excited and moves down the ETC and passes a proton through cyt bf, what is then reduced?

PSI

Photophosphorylation that includes both PSII and PSI that creates NADH is known as?

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Photophosphorylation that only includes PSI and loops without the use of water and produces no NADH is known as?

Cyclic photophosphorylation

What is the waste product of non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

Water

What happens when you run out of NAD⁺ as a phototroph?

Cyclic photophosphorylation

How do autotrophs produce biomass?

Calvin cycle

What is inputted into the calvin cycle?

3 CO2, 6 NADH, and 9 ATP

What is the output of the calvin cycle?

A 3 carbon organic compound that can be used to create biomass

What is the most abundant protein on earth?

RuBisCO

What protein runs the calvin cycle?

RuBisCO

What disrupts the function of RuBisCO?

Oxygen

What is the waste product of phototrophs and why would it directly disrupt autotrophic function?

Oxygen, RuBisCO

What type of photosynthesis has only one photosystem (PS), uses bacteriochlorophyl, and has to run cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis in order to generate both ATP and NADH through the same pocess?

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Bacillus subtilis KS03: What is the genus?

Bacillus

Bacillus subtilis KS03: What is the species?

Subtilis

Bacillus subtilis KS03: What is the strain?

KS03

Differing reactions to biochemical tests (better for determining differences in species or genera)(Metabolism) are known as?

Biochemical typing

Differences in cell membrane proteins and carbohydrates determined by antibody affinity is known as?

Serological typing

Differing sensitivity to phages (viruses) is known as?

Phage typing

Differing sensitivity to antibiotics is known as?

Antibiograms

Differences in DNA sequence is known as?

Molecular typing

Methanogens

What are bacteria that live in swamps, cows, landfills, rice fields, sewage treatment plants, geothermal vents, and can ignite

Methanogens

What bacteria can live off of the waste of fermenters?

Methanogens

What is the chemical formula for sulfide?

H₂S

What is the chemical formula for sulfate?

SO₄