Psychology 101: final exam

active coping

response to a stressor that reduces stress by changing the situation to eliminate or lessen the negative effects of the stressor;

-change in outlook/mindset

-relaxation

-exercise

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Solomon Asch

conducted an experiment where participants' estimates of line length were influenced by the presence of others giving incorrect answers

Philip Zimbardo

conducted the famous Stanford Prison Experiment; illustrated the powerful impact of role-playing

Stanley Milgram

conducted experiments where "teachers" were made to shock "learners" under direction from an authority figure

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition; studied by Fritz Heider

General adaptation syndrome

Alarm- fight or flight

Resistance- cope/resist

Exhaustion- adrenal and other glands created by fight or flight can no longer secrete hormones

central route to decision-making.

When we are motivated and able to pay attention, we take a logical, conscious thinking; This can lead to permanent change in our attitude as we adopt and elaborate upon the speaker's arguments; occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling.

peripheral route to decision making

Here we do not pay attention to persuasive arguments but are swayed instead by surface characteristics such as whether we like the speaker. In this case although we do change, it is only temporary (although it is to a state where we may be susceptible to further change);

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness, emotional music or images.

Forensic Psychology

The application of the science of psychology to criminal law.

approach-avoidance conflict

a type of conflict involving a single goal that has both positive and negative aspects

approach-approach conflict

a type of conflict involving a choice between two positive but mutually exclusive options

avoidance-avoidance conflict

a type of conflict involving a choice between two negative or undesirable options

Job opportunities

crime prevention and solution, criminal rehabilitation, and issues of the criminal law.

Research opportunities

They examine human behavior in relation to the legal system.

Determine sanity and competence.

Evaluate and examine criminals.

Help lawyers prepare for trial.

Help police catch criminals.

Personality

is the major motivational element within individuals. It is the seat of drives and the source of motives.

Insanity Defense

based on the theory that most people can choose to follow the law

Insanity

Mental illness of such a severe nature that a person...

cannot distinguish fantasy from reality,

is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior.

<1% of cases

rarely successful 25%

Competency

The mental state of the defendant at the time of trial.

Beta

most engaged level of awareness; also in REM

Alpha

more in automatic consciousness

Theta

first stage of sleep

Delta

slowest frequency and largest amplitude; deep sleep

Investigative Psychology

The application of psychology to criminal investigation.

what are the sleep stages

stage 1: transition to light sleep

stage 2: sleep spindles

stage 3: deep sleep

REM sleep

stage 1: transition to sleep

Alpha to theta brainwaves

Light sleep

Hypnotic jerks

Physiological changes

Heart rate slows

Body temp drops

Stage 2: continuation to deep sleep

sleep spindles- mixed eeg

stage 3: deep/ slow wave sleep (SWS)

Delta Waves

Extremely difficult to awaken

Important for consolidating information

REM sleep: Rapid Eye Movement

Rapid eye movement

Limited bodily movement

More rem the more you sleep- later in the evening/towards end of sleep

High brain activity but low awareness

Difficult to awaken (deep sleep)

Beta brain waves

Dreaming

why we need sleep

REM and SWS facilitate learning/ memory consolidation/ neurosis;

Rebound effect

brain will rebound quickly to REM or slow wave sleep

lowered awareness

sleeping; still taking in a perceiving external stimuli but to a much lower degree

Profiling

the process of identifying personality traits, behavioral tendencies, geographical location, and demographic or biographical descriptors of an offender (or offenders) based on crime scene characteristics.

levels of awareness: automatic

perceive environment but not fully aware - day dreaming, highway hypnosis, reading and not grasping

What does psychological skills training (PST) emphasize in relation to working with athletes?

PST emphasizes control of internal states - athletes are taught to control or reduce unwanted thoughts emotions an sensation to increase their potential for achieving an ideal mental state conducive to optimum performance

What is an assumption of PST?

That it decreases in negative internal experiences ( thoughts, emotions) minimize distractions and enhance opportunities for positive experiences and confidence building

What is the current research regarding the effectiveness of PST techniques?

Studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding whether reduction in anxiety improve wellbeing or athletic performance; In fact, efforts to control or entirely suppress negative experiences may be a suboptimal and even counterproductive strategy for improving athlete's performance

What is experiential avoidance?

An unwillingness to maintain contact with unpleasant internal thoughts and demotions

What is psychological inflexibility and how does experiential avoidance lead to psychological inflexibility?

Rigid orientation toward experiences which can hinder the pursuit of valued and meaningful behavior and cause health problems and hinder athletic performance

What is the core message of acceptance and commitment therapy and what component is emphasized?

To observe and accept what is beyond ones control or ability to change and to commit to actions that are aligned with personal values - ACT based approaches emphasizes mindfulness (bringing conscious attention to the present moment in a receptive curios manner)

What are some positive outcomes of self-reported mindfulness?

Adaptive emotion regulation strategies, even after controlling for anxiety, stress, and depression; regular mindfulness practice can help individuals become more adept at guiding attention toward desired stimuli, allocating limited cognitive resources toward valued ends and improving task performance

What is flow (in relation to athletes)?

A state of energized focus and full involvement during athletic performance

9) What are the three components of the MAC program?

Mindfulness, acceptance, and commitment

10) What is the difference between "goals" and "values" in the context of the MAC program?

Whereas goals pertain to specific outcomes, values are continuously constructed dynamic patterns of behaviors.

11) According to the MAC program, why is it important to learn how to use mindfulness skills to increase acceptance of unwanted/negative internal experiences (emotions/thoughts, etc)?

Because emotions—particularly negative ones—often derail goal-related efforts, MAC program teaches athletes how to use mindfulness skills to increase acceptance of unwanted internal experiences. Accordingly, the basketball player can learn how to accept unwanted feelings (e.g., anxiety) and commit to behavior (e.g., practicing free throw shooting) that is in line with his value of being a reliable teammate. Together, awareness and acceptance build commitment toward values-driven behavior.

12) What are some benefits of practicing yoga? How does it promote mindfulness?

The central message of yoga is to learn how to listen and respond to bodily sensations. This awareness helps individuals move to a comfortable "physical and mental space" while challenging their body (Shiffmann, 1996). Various physical poses and movements are used to increase awareness of one's physical and mental states. Yoga practitioners are shown how to mindfully focus their attention on the present moment. Decreased stress, fatigue, cortisol, more positive emotions, increased satisfaction of life; reduction of anxiety and depression

13) What experiential exercise was used to in the current experiment to help athletes move their attention more flexibly between internal and external states?

Two session each week of MAC program and 60 minute yoga class after each session

cognitive defusion

Looking at thoughts rather than from thoughts

Noticing thoughts rather than becoming caught up in thoughts

Letting thoughts come and go rather than holding onto them

What is experiential acceptance?

e willingness to experience (i.e., not try to change) unwanted private events in the pursuit of one's values and goals.

What were some experiential tasks of the MAC program experiment that facilitated enhanced flexibility and increased attention?

Brief centering exercises then task focused exercise in which they learned how to redirect their attention from internal processes (emotions or thoughts) to an external task and body scan; brief centering exercise then task focused attention exercise in pairs

At the end of the experiment, how did the experiential group compare to the control group in terms of self-reported mindfulness, goal-directed energy, perceived stress, and tolerance for negative experiences?

Baseline comparisons revealed that the groups did not differ in levels of anxiety, stress, or depression (from DASS subscales), with the experimental group reporting relatively low levels of anxiety (M 0.79, SD 0.51), stress (M 0.97, SD 0.49), and depression (M 0.69, SD 0.51), comparable to the control group: anxiety (M 0.64, SD 0.36), stress (M 0.83, SD 0.47), and depression (M 0.65, SD 0.59); all ps .30. Consistent

Consistent with expectations for the control group, we found no significant changes from pre- to postassessment for any measure (ps .05). Repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed that compared with the control group, participants in the experimental group reported a greater increase in mindfulness, F(1, 19) 4.55, p .05, and goaldirected energy, F(1, 19) 4.94 p .05.

In their written feedback, what did athletes most request (i.e., what did they want more of?)?

Wrote that the mindfulness activities were the most helpful part of the intervention and suggested that incorporating more hand on exercises would improve the intervention

In general, what was Eddie's home life like as a child? military experience? Haiti?

- Strict parents who had rules

- Lenient aunt who did drugs

- Uncle and grandfather died from drugs

- Marines, Iraq as weapons specialist, prisoner guard,

- Haiti for humanitarian ;Severe earthquake where he saw lots of corpses

When Eddie finished serving in the military, he was described as a changed person. What were some changes to his behavior? substance use? odd thoughts?

Drinking more heavy

Suicide threats

Panic attacks while flying

Obsessive odd thoughts - he has worm, he is Dracula

Paranoia thought government was watching him

Agitated hypervigilant behaviors - nail gun, bridge

Suicidal threats and behaviors - grabbed gun

Manic like thoughts/ behaviors

What type of treatment did he receive as a result of these psychological changes?

3 week impatient stay PTSD; cocktail of meds; again committed after threatening to hurt himself and other; psychiatric hospitalization; more anitphyschotic dosage

Top-Down Approach

Bottom-Up Approach

profiler has experience & uses evidence at the crime scene to develop a profile of the likely criminal; profiler uses statistics & research based on similar crimes in order to develop a profile of the criminal based on previous convictions

Prior to the murder, Eddie was hospitalized - when was that (how soon before the murders?) and what type of treatment was it?

Involuntary Psychiatric hospitalization - pacing with knife about gov agents

how did Kyle describe eddie the day of the murders?

straight up nuts

what happened when the police approached Eddie in his car immediately after the murders; what did he tell the police at the station after he was arrested

15 min convo then flee; He knew what he did was wrong but he needed to take his soul before his is taken and doesn't want to play chess with his life.

How did the psychiatric evaluation from the defense expert differ from the prosecution expert?

Defense: schizophrenia - cannibals, mafia, pigs

Prosecution: paranoid personality disorder- faking schizophrenia, mj and alc use

According to the defense psychiatrist, what did Routh think after he shot Chris and Chad?

Routh felt like he was in danger, thought the guys were pig assassins, he felt remorse

What did the prosecution expert (Arambula) say about Routh's sanity at the time of the crime?

Not insane during murder because he was intoxicated, not schizophrenic because turned back on kyle

what is substance use disorder

Recurrent use of a substance in spite of clinically and functionally significant impairment. Examples include:

Health Problems

Disability

Failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home

Diagnosis is also based on evidence of impaired control, social impairment, and risky use.

alcohol use disorders

Alcohol is the most commonly used addictive substance in the U.S.

17.6 million people suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence (as well as several million more who engage in risky binge drinking patterns that often results in alcohol problems)

Most alcohol dependent individuals do not seek treatment

Stigma often plays a role

Cost

Don't see it as a problem

how effective is substance use treatment

The majority of individuals in treatment improve, but relapse is common

Better outcomes are associated with:

Longer retention in treatment

Addressing multiple problems or stressors (psychiatric, family, legal, housing, employment)

Aftercare participation

how to help one control his impusive drinking behavior

Clinicians would work with Joh to

Develop awareness for his triggers and how to avoid them

Not face his triggers alone

Find alternative, immediate action

Which of the following is NOT a unique feature of REM sleep?

A. high-frequency (beta) brain waves

B. dreaming

C. sleep spindles

D. rapid eye movements

C. Sleep spindles

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of insomnia?

A. difficulty falling asleep

B. difficulty taking naps when needed

C. difficulty staying asleep

D. early awakening

B. difficulty taking naps when needed

According to the sleep hygiene articles, which of the following is NOT a way to improve sleep hygiene?

A. have a consistent bedtime

B. clean your sheets once a week

C. do not do activities in your bed (e.g., watching television, using your phone/computer)

D. avoid 1-hr mid-day naps

B. Clean your sheets once a week

What is likely to happen to individuals who are deprived of REM sleep?

A. their dreams will become more "life-like"

B. they will have difficulty dreaming when they are in REM

C. they will spend disproportionately more time in REM compared to other sleep stages when they do sleep

D. they will be more likely to engage in sleep talking and sleep walking

C. they will spend disproportionately more time in REM compared to other sleep stages when they do sleep

Some long-term benefits associated with consistent meditation include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. lower levels of stress hormones

B. blood pressure regulation

C. improved concentration

D. flexibility

D. flexibility

According to role-playing theories of hypnosis, who is most susceptible to being hypnotized?

A. individuals with mental illness

B. highly suggestible individuals

C. trained actors/actresses

D. children

D. children

This type of meditation allows the individual to attend to the present moment and experience it without judgment.

A. focused attention

B. continual meditation

C. open monitoring

D. focused monitoring

C. open monitoring

What theory of dreaming suggests dreams are the byproduct of neural processes that occur during the REM stage?

A. Wish fulfillment

B. Problem-solving

C. Activation-synthesis

D. Lucidity

C. Activation-synthesis

Which of the following was NOT identified as a factor that can less the negative impact of stress on one's physical health

A. openness

B. conscientiousness

C. optimism

D. social support

A. openness

When you must make a choice that has both pros and cons, what type of conflict are you likely to experience?

A. approach-approach

B. avoidance-avoidance

C. approach-avoidance

D. ambivalent-ambivalent

C. approach-avoidance

People with Type A personality are at a greater risk for coronary heart disease. What specific component of this personality trait explains that increased risk?

A. competitive orientation

B. anger/hostility

C. impatience

D. time urgency

B. anger/hostility

The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions states that positive emotions promote resilience in each of the following ways EXCEPT:

A. positive emotions increase flexibility in problem-solving

B. positive emotions can counteract the physiological damage of negative emotions/stress

C. positive emotions protect people from experiencing stress

D. positive emotions facilitate social support

C. positive emotions protect people from experiencing stress

This type of stress occurs when you are expected to perform a certain way or meet certain demands.

A. conflict

B. frustration

C. implosion

D. pressure

D. pressure

According to the sleep article, how is melatonin released in individuals with inconsistent sleep patterns?

A. the release of melatonin is delayed

B. the release of melatonin is increased

C. the release of melatonin is decreased

D. it is released the same as in individuals with consistent sleep patterns

A. the release of melatonin is delayed

How is mindfulness meditation described in the assigned article?

A. It's a time to focus on oneself and be in the present moment

B. It's a time to study for classes in a quiet place without interruption

C. It's an activity that challenges an individual to think about what is most important to them and how to prioritize one's thoughts

D. It's a class that emphasizes the importance of thinking

A. It's a time to focus on oneself and be in the present moment

According to the Mindfulness Meditation article, the results of the 2016 student indicated what?

A. mindfulness meditation only increased connections in the stress regulatory areas of the brain if it was practiced daily for at least 15 minutes

B. mindfulness meditation can permanently change/stabilize the stress regulatory areas of the brain

C. mindfulness meditation had no impact on stress regulatory areas of the brain

D. mindfulness meditation was linked to increased connections of the stress regulatory areas of the brain

D. mindfulness meditation was linked to increased connections of the stress regulatory areas of the brain

Based on the results of the study presented in the sleep article, what was the advice given by the study authors?

A. wake-up and go to bed at similar times each day

B. get more sleep

C. go to bed and wake-up earlier

D. all of the above

A. wake-up and go to bed at similar times each day

According to the Mindfulness Meditation article, what type of individual was recruited to participate in a 2016 study to examine the effect of mindfulness meditation on the brain?

A. college students

B. unemployed adults

C. stay-at-home parents

D. business executives

B. unemployed adults

According to the sleep article, what variable was specifically found to be linked to a higher GPA?

A. sleep quantity

B. sleep quality

C. sleep regularity

D. all of the above

C. sleep regularity

You earned a 98% on your last PSYC 101 exam. According to the self-serving bias, to what are you most likely to attribute your high score?

A. an easy exam

B. lucky guesses on the multiple choice

C. tutoring from a peer

D. hours of of studying

D. hours of of studying

You are more likely to have negative stereotypes of people in your outgroup - why is that?

A. an evolutionary and automatic tendency to classify people in your outgroup as "the enemy"

B. a tendency to only put people you do not like into your outgroup

C. an evolutionary bias to spread negative stereotypes about your enemy so they are outcast by others

D. all of the above

A. an evolutionary and automatic tendency to classify people in your outgroup as "the enemy"

Jane Elliott conducted a classroom experiment to assess discrimination. Which of the following accurately describes her experiment?

A. She divided her students by race (e.g., Caucasian students, African-American students)

B. She divided her students by academic achievement (e.g., "A" students, "B" students)

C. She divided her students by eye-color (e.g., blue-eyed students, brown-eyed students)

D. She divided her students hair color (e.g., brunette students, blond students)

C. She divided her students by eye-color (e.g., blue-eyed students, brown-eyed students)

The Fundamental Attribution Error states that observers are likely to attribute others behaviors to an ______________ attribution.

A. external

B. internal

C. actor

D. observer

B. internal (she is a bad person)

What is the purpose of stereotyping?

A. Stereotyping enables humans more readily identify individual differences.

B. Stereotyping enables humans to process information more quickly.

C. Stereotyping enables humans to make more accurate decisions about other people.

D. Stereotyping exists to help humans distinguish their "friends" from their "enemies."

B. Stereotyping enables humans to process information more quickly.

Why do we stereo type?

i. Saves on the time and effort required to get a handle of people individually

ii. Save energy by simplifying our social world

What is a defining feature of cognitive dissonance?

A. an idea sounds good but it is not easily implemented

B. an individual has beliefs that are inconsistent with another individual's beliefs

C. an individual has contradicting or inconsistent beliefs within him or herself

D. telling lies

C. an individual has contradicting or inconsistent beliefs within him or herself

According to your text, what type of message is influential to an observer?

A. a two-sided argument

B. a one-sided argument

C. messages that rely on intellect as opposed to fear

D. messages that are shorter than 15 minutes

A. a two-sided argument

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, what route of persuasion is more likely to result in durable attitude change?

A. central

B. peripheral

C. cognitive

D. emotional

A. central

According to your textbook, what source factor appears to be the most important for establishing credibility and inducing persuasion?

A. repeated exposure

B. personality

C. fear

D. trustworthiness

D. trustworthiness

Which of the following is NOT a component of one's attitude?

A. cognitive

B. physiological

C. affective

D. behavioral

B. physiological -- remember ABC

The bystander effect is likely to occur in large groups because of why psychological phenomena?

A. social loafing

B. groupthink

C. diffusion of responsibility

D. group polarization

C. diffusion of responsibility

diffusion of responsibility

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect, social loafing, and related phenomena

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment discovered that social roles have a significant influence on behavior. What aspect of the experiment demonstrated this?

A. College students recognized their social role as "college students" and did not adopt the roles of "prisoner" and "correctional officer"

B. Prisoners had a hard time overcoming their social role of "prisoner" when given the opportunity to be a correctional officer

C. Correctional officers were unable to control the prisoners because the prisoners knew the correctional officers were truly college students

D. College students quickly adopted the social roles of "prisoner" and "correctional officer"

D. College students quickly adopted the social roles of "prisoner" and "correctional officer"

Which of the following factors contributes to groupthink?

A. social loafing

B. group cohesiveness

C. polarized thinking

D. opposing points of view

B. group cohesiveness

From his study, Milgram concluded that people are more likely to obey those who _______________.

A. are similar to them

B. give clear directions

C. are in a position of authority

D. all of the above

C. are in a position of authority