English Language Exam Revision of Metalanguage

What are the connected speech processes

Assimilation, vowel reduction, elision, insertion

Assimilation

pronunciation of a phoneme becomes more similar to a neighbouring phoneme to increase ease of pronunciation

Vowel reduction

Reduction of pronounced vowel phonemes to ease pronunciation

Elision

the omission of consonant or vowel phonemes to ease pronunciation

Insertion

A phoneme is added to a word to ease pronunciation

What are the prosodic features

pitch, stress, volume, tempo, intonation

pitch

how high or low pronunciation is

stress

emphasis of particular phonemes

volume

how loud or soft an utterance is

tempo

the speed of an utterance

intonation

the rising or falling sounds usually at the end of an utterance suggesting question, certainty or interest

what are the phonological patterns

alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhythm, rhyme

Alliteration

Multiple of the same consonant phoneme at the beginning of neighbouring words

Assonance

Repetition of vowel phonemes in neighbouring words in similar areas of a word

consonance

repetition of consonant phonemes but the phonemes arent required to be in the same section of surrounding words

onomatopoeia

Giving a name to a sound (BAM)

Rhythm

overall pattern of stressed an unstressed sounds

rhyme

using similar phonemes in surrounding phrases for aesthetic purpose

Morphological patterning

affixation, abbreviation, shortening, compounding, blending, backformation, conversion of word class, initialism, acronym

Affixation

adding word fragments to the start, inside or end of a word (prefix, infix, affix)

abbreviation

letters from a word create a new shorter version (eg. cm, or kg)

Shortening

removing part of a word but keeping the meaning

compounding

combining full words together

blending

adding parts of words together to form a new word

backformation

creating a new shorter word by removing what appears to be an affix

conversion of word class

keeping the same spelling and pronunciation of a word but changing it from noun to verb for example

acronym

initials of a set of words pronounced as a word (NASA)

initialism

using initials of a phrase to make a new word, pronounced as each letter individually (eg. FBI)

Hypocrisms

suffixs added to the end of words to show endearment or a socially close tenor

Word classes

noun, pronoun, verbs, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction (coordinating/ subordinating), determiners, interjectors

preposition

describes position eg. over, under

coordinating conjunction