global strat 2 exam

Order of flexual tectonics (foreland basin system)

Orogeny, fore deep, fore buldge, back buldge, craton

What is total subsidence?

flexual tectonics + dynamic substidence, and isostatic loading from sediments and water

What does eustatic sea level refer to?

Global sea level from the center of the earth. also referred to as the baseline.

What is transgression?

an increase in accommodation space

what is regression?

decrease in accommodation space (2 types)

What are the two types of regression?

Normal and forced regression

What is forced regression?

water level falls

What is normal regression?

filling up accommodation space from the bottom.

What is progradational shoreline shifts?

moving towards the ocean

What is a retro-gradational shoreline shift?

moving towards the land

what is an aggradational stacking pattern?

stacking on top of the other (vertical)

What does the hypsometric curve show?

It shows that an increase in sea level looks different depending on the percentage of continental elevation.

what is an unconformity?

a significant hiatus plus or minus erosion (but usually has erosion)

What is a disconformity?

a hiatus plus erosion

What is a paraconformity?

hiatus plus or minus erosion (with no discernable erosion)

what is an angular unconformity?

hiatus, erosion, and tilt

What is a nonconformity?

top of the basement rocks

What is a diastem?

short hiatus plus or minus erosion (a minor paraconformity)

What is the end of transgression?

typical placement of the maximun flooding surface (not the highest point on the sea level curve)

What is the onset of base level fall (onset of forced regression)?

position of the Basal Surface of Forced Regression

What is the end of base level fall (end of forced regression)?

position of Regressive Surface of Marine Erosion and (maybe) the position of the correlative conformity

What is the onset of transgression (end of regression)?

position of maximum regressive surface and the Basal transgressive surface

What is maximum starvation?

The point as which the greatest amount of sediment is stranded the farthest inshore

Maximum starvation will….

be the point of the most rapid rate of sea level rise

Maximum flooding is…

the space between transgression and regression (the top of high stand)

Where is maximum flooding?

at the beginning of the last NR

What is between high-stand and falling stage?

the onset of base level fall

The order of the sine wave sequence?

Transgression. High stand. falling stage. Low stand. Transgression.

What does HST mean?

Highstand systems tract

What does TST mean?

Transgression system tract

What does FSST mean?

Falling stage system tract

What does LST mean?

Lowstand systems tract

What is a type 1 sequence?

widespread erosion, across the shelf.

What is a type 2 sequence?

minimal erosion, restricted to the basin margin.

KNOW THIS!!!

What is eccentricity and how long is it?

Eccentricity is the flux of the orbit of the earth. 400kyr and 100kyr.

What is precession and how long is it?

Precession is the wiggle of the tilt of the earth and it is on 23kyr cycles.

What is obliquity and how long is it?

The general tilt of the earth and it runs on the 41kyr cycle.

What is C14 and what is it used for?

Radioactive isotope of C and it is used to date organics in the modern era.

What is Ar-Ar and what is it used for?

40Ar-29Ar. Argon dating and it is used for Mesozoic dating.

What is U-Pb dating and what is it used for?

238U-206Pb used for older things and the calibration of Ar-Ar dating.

What is alpha decay?

the loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons?

What is beta decay?

Neutron changes to proton and emits an electron.

What is electron capture?

A proton changes to a neutron by capturing an electron.