week 6: individual development - early childhood pt. 1

what age range is considered early childhood?

• 2-6 years

what developments occur during the preschool period?

• major transition in social, emotional, and cognitive domains

what are key development tasks in early childhood?

• initiative vs guilt (Erikson)

why is play important in early childhood?

• primary vehicle for learning and social development

• pretend play

• drawing

• group games

what is autonomy in early childhood?

• growing independence with guidance and support (dressing and toileting)

how does language develop in early childhood?

• rapid expansion of expressive and receptive abilities

• understanding and why questions

what do periodic medical checkups for 2-6y require?

• routine assessments as well as a variety of immunizations

• regular health assessment

what screening tools are used?

• Denver II, ELM- Scale 2, NDDDS (Nipissing District)

why are early interventions important for early childhood?

• critical for identifying delays in development

• allows for early support

does screening = diagnosis?

• no

• refer abnormal findings for further evaluation

how do parental influences affect early childhood development?

• early exposure to counting, math concepts critical (counting toys and blocks)

what are evidence for intelligence?

• heredity (genetics) + environment (family, preschool) + experience

• influenced by modifiable factors

how do high quality programs in preschool promote?

• enhance cognitive development

• promote problem solving, social skills, and math

what do early math skills predict?

• later academic achievement

what does the child’s internal model of attachment appear?

• generalize and become property of all child’s social relationships

what does attachment look like in 2-3y?

• still clingy

• separation anxiety remains

• seeks reassurance frequently (can i trust others when i need?)

what does attachment look like in 3-4y?

• reduced separation anxiety

• increase independence

• understands temporary separations

what does attachment look like in 4-6y?

• more autonomy

• attachments more internal

• stronger peer relationships

what are protective function of attachment?

• secure attachment supports emotional regulation and social competence

• children explore environment and rely on trusted adult for support

what type of parenting is this?

Maria’s teacher tells her parents that she has been misbehaving in school, fighting with other children. her parents decide to sit down and talk to maria about her behaviour. they tell her clearly that she should not be misbehaving at school. maria tells her parents that one of the other children in the class keeps taking her toys and she is getting upset when that happens. together maria and her parents come up with strategies for maria to resolve this problem without fighting

• authorative parenting

  • associated with increase self esteem, social skills cognitive thinking

• set clear expectations and findings

• listened to maria

• build strategy to support maria

what type of parenting is this?

Jarome has been doing poorly in school this year. his parents decide to offer him a reward if his grades improve by next report card. unfortunately, jarmone does not get better grades on the report card. seeing that he is upset, jarmoe’s parents decide to give him the reward anyway along with a big hug

• Permissive parenting style

  • leads to decreased self discipline, inability to follow rules, frustration tolerance

• warm and living but few consistent limits or expectations

• focus more on comfort and emotional support rather than consequences

• should

  • acknowledge effort

  • set realistic goals

  • consistent expectation for improvement

how might a child’s behaviour differ at school or with peers depending on the parenting style they experience at home?

• confidence, behaviour, peer relationship

can a parenting style change as a child grows older? what factors might cause a parent to shift their approach?

• age, development stage, family values, behavioural challenges

what are different types of family structure?

• two-parent families (married, common-law)

• single-parent families (one guardian)

• blended families (stepparents, stepsiblings)

• skip generation families (grandparents as primary caregivers)

• same sex parent families

what is important across all aspects of family structures?

• quality, safety, support → important to family structures

• loving consistent caregivers → important to child development

• development depends more on how parental figures interact than on family configurations

what stressors does divorce cause in family structures?

• parental conflict, economic hardship, routine disruption

what are common responses of divorce?

• anger, sadness, confusion, blame, regression

• affect emotional and social

what are protective factors of divorce?

• parental cooperation, stability, open communication

• co-parenting style

  • reassure child is not responsible

How do outcomes compare for children raised in high-conflict intact homes versus those experiencing an amicable divorce

• Children in high-conflict intact homes often fare worse than children experiencing an amicable divorce.

how do biological factors contribute to gender identity in early childhood?

• prenatal hormones influence brain development and earl gender-typical behaviors and preferences

how does social learning impact gender identity?

• children imitate same-sex models, reinforcement of gender-appropriate behaviour

how do gender schemas guide a young child’s sense of self and behaviour (cognitive)

• children develop schemas about what “boys/girls do” and organize behaviour accordingly

how does gender identity first emerge between ages 2 and 3?

• gender labelling begins; start using “boy/girl”

• limited understanding

what shift in gender identity occurs between age 3 and 4?

• gender identity established, preference for gender typical toys, activities

how does a child’s understanding of gender identity deepen between ages 4 and 5?

• gender constancy emerging, understands gender stable over time and context

how does a child’s understanding of gender identity deepen between ages 5 and 6?

• full gender constancy, gender-typical play preferences entrenched

how does self-concept develop between 2-3y?

• basic self-awareness, uses own name, recognizes self in mirror, “me do it”

how does self-concept develop between 3-4y?

• describe self in concrete terms (name, age, appearance), inflated self-views, pos and exaggerating

how does self-concept develop between 4-6y?

• more accurate self-descriptions, includes competencies, and social roles

how does self-esteem develop?

• from feedback, parental warmth, realistic expectations

what are food aversions?

• neophobia (fear of new foods) develops

• picky eating is normal

what are healthy habits of health promotion?

• regular mealtimes, family eating, minimize processed foods

how to manage screen time to promote health and wellness?

• turn off TV/devices during meals, limit 102 hours per day

• improves sleep quality and nightmares

what are strategies can be used to promote health and wellness?

• repeated exposure to new foods, models healthy eating, avoid using food as reward

• want to limit sugar

how much sleep do most 3-5 year olds need?

• 10-13 hours of sleep

• includes nighttime sleep and daytime naps

what four sleep related topics or issues are listed for preschooler?

• routines

• somnambulism (sleep walking)

• night mares vs night terror

• bed wetting

how many common illnesses does an avg. preschooler experience each year?

• 6-7 colds with 1-2 GI illnesses per year

which two vaccines are given to children at aged 4-6?

• MMRV and Tdap

• important to protect against childhood disease

what are activity patterns that can promote health and wellness?

• should participate in at least 60 mins of physical activity per day

• limit sedentary behaviors

• benefits physical activity

how many children require hospitalizations and what can be done to prevent accidents?

• 3/1000 children

• home safety and childproofing measures (keep things out of reach)

what are obesogenic environments?

• surrounding that promotes unhealthy eating with decreased physical activity

  • excessive blood work, limited outside

what are children who are obese at a higher risk of developing?

• physical health problems

• emotional health problems

  • low self esteem

  • social problems

how and from whom do children learn about truth, honesty, and consequences? (indigenous)

• through their communities and caregivers

what key environmental element supports children during this stage and what developmental sign do they slow?

• structure is important during this life stage and children demonstrate readiness for new tasks

what makes it easier for a child to learn during this stage?

• when a child’s physical and emotional needs are met it is easier for them to learn

how are children viewed and treated within the family during this stage?

• children hold their place in the family circle and are treated equally

child becomes strong

• good life: birth to seven years

• spend some time in nature

• balance connections between family

• Indigenous plan

what is Jordan’s principle of health promotion?

• promoting justice and equity for all children

• help families to actively support

• created to make sure children receive proper health education without delay

what are equity of services onsepecialzied care in Jordan’s principle?

• speech therapy

• educational supports

• medical equipment

• mental health services

what is the aims of Joyce’s health principle?

• to guarantee to all Indigenous people the right to equitable access without any discrimination to all social and health services

what does Joyce’s health principle require?

• recognition and respect of Indigenous people’s traditional and living knowledge in all aspects of health