Software Quality Engineering

Verification asks what question? | A) Are we building the right product? | B) Are we building the product right? | C) Did users approve it? | D) Can it be automated?

B) Are we building the product right? | Explanation: Verification checks work products against phase specifications.

Validation asks what question? | A) Are we building the product right? | B) Are all branches covered? | C) Are we building the right product? | D) Is the test suite complete?

C) Are we building the right product? | Explanation: Validation checks requirements and intended use.

What is a failure? | A) A human mistake | B) Inability to perform a required function | C) A test criterion | D) A review

B) Inability to perform a required function | Explanation: A failure is the externally observable inability to perform a required function.

Which is a testing principle? | A) Exhaustive testing is always possible | B) Testing is risk-based | C) Automation replaces testers | D) More tests are always better

B) Testing is risk-based | Explanation: Testing prioritizes risk because complete testing is impossible.

What is the first stage of the test process? | A) Closure | B) Planning and control | C) Execution | D) Exit evaluation

B) Planning and control | Explanation: Planning defines objectives, scope, risks, resources, and exit criteria.

What is the purpose of unit testing? | A) Evaluate the whole system | B) Validate one component independently | C) Test only installation | D) Test only acceptance

B) Validate one component independently | Explanation: Unit testing focuses on one component.

What is the focus of integration testing? | A) Individual statements | B) Interfaces and interactions between components | C) Only security | D) Only documentation

B) Interfaces and interactions between components | Explanation: Integration testing checks components working together.

Which activity compares actual and expected results? | A) Execution | B) Closure | C) Component selection | D) Requirements analysis

A) Execution | Explanation: Test execution records outcomes and comparisons.

What is confirmation testing? | A) Rerunning a failed test after a fix | B) Testing all possible inputs | C) Testing only new features | D) Reviewing a test plan

A) Rerunning a failed test after a fix | Explanation: It verifies that a particular correction worked.

What is regression testing? | A) Testing existing behavior after a change | B) Testing only invalid input | C) Testing grammar | D) Counting predicates

A) Testing existing behavior after a change | Explanation: It detects unintended side effects.

What is a software component? | A) A comment | B) An independently deliverable unit exposed through interfaces | C) A test report | D) A schedule

B) An independently deliverable unit exposed through interfaces | Explanation: Components provide reusable functionality through interfaces.

What is a component model? | A) Rules for constructing, packaging, deploying, and composing components | B) A list of defects | C) A test case | D) A user password policy

A) Rules for constructing, packaging, deploying, and composing components | Explanation: It is the backbone of component-based software.

What is vendor-oriented component testing? | A) Vendor testing against specifications | B) User testing only after release | C) Testing without requirements | D) Testing only documentation

A) Vendor testing against specifications | Explanation: Vendors test functions, behavior, performance, packaging, and deployment.

Why must users test reused components? | A) Reuse eliminates interfaces | B) The new context can change behavior | C) Vendors cannot test anything | D) Users always have source code

B) The new context can change behavior | Explanation: Environment, configuration, use, and integration can differ.

What is the interaction model? | A) How components interact through interfaces and events | B) Only source formatting | C) Only the schedule | D) Only variables

A) How components interact through interfaces and events | Explanation: It represents interfaces, events, control, and data interactions.

What is black-box testing based on? | A) Source code | B) Requirements and external behavior | C) Compiler warnings | D) Internal variables

B) Requirements and external behavior | Explanation: Black-box testing is specification-based.

Which method divides inputs into valid and invalid classes? | A) Equivalence partitioning | B) Basis path | C) State testing | D) Syntax testing

A) Equivalence partitioning | Explanation: EP selects representative values from equivalence classes.

What is EP coverage? | A) One test per equivalence class | B) Every source line | C) Every state transition | D) Every possible path

A) One test per equivalence class | Explanation: Each valid and invalid class should be represented.

For balances 0 through 100, which is invalid? | A) 50 | B) 0 | C) 100 | D) -1

D) -1 | Explanation: Values below zero are invalid.

What is boundary value analysis designed to test? | A) Limits and near-limit values | B) Only random values | C) Only source nodes | D) Only users

A) Limits and near-limit values | Explanation: BVA targets values at, just inside, and just outside boundaries.

For a 1 through 30 character field, which is just above the upper limit? | A) 0 | B) 1 | C) 30 | D) 31

D) 31 | Explanation: 31 is just outside the upper boundary.

What does decision table testing address? | A) Combinations of conditions and actions | B) Only loops | C) Only syntax | D) Only deployment

A) Combinations of conditions and actions | Explanation: Decision tables represent business rules.

How many raw rules are there for four binary conditions? | A) 4 | B) 8 | C) 16 | D) 32

C) 16 | Explanation: 2^4 = 16.

What should happen to impossible decision rules? | A) Treat them as valid | B) Remove or mark them impossible | C) Convert them to code | D) Ignore all conditions

B) Remove or mark them impossible | Explanation: Impossible combinations should not become normal test cases.

What does category partitioning identify? | A) Parameters, environments, categories, and choices | B) Only predicates | C) Only boundaries | D) Only source files

A) Parameters, environments, categories, and choices | Explanation: It systematically decomposes the specification.

What does scenario testing model? | A) Realistic user workflows | B) Only internal branches | C) Only numeric limits | D) Only version control

A) Realistic user workflows | Explanation: Scenarios are end-to-end usage stories.

What is white-box testing based on? | A) Requirements only | B) Source structure, control flow, data, and logic | C) User interviews only | D) Deployment documents only

B) Source structure, control flow, data, and logic | Explanation: White-box testing is program-based.

Who commonly performs white-box testing? | A) Developers | B) Only users | C) Only customers | D) Only managers

A) Developers | Explanation: Developers use source code and code coverage.

Which formula computes cyclomatic complexity? | A) E + N + 2 | B) E - N + 2 | C) N - E + 2 | D) P - 1

B) E - N + 2 | Explanation: V(G) = E - N + 2.

If P = 3, what is V(G)? | A) 2 | B) 3 | C) 4 | D) 6

C) 4 | Explanation: V(G) = P + 1 = 4.

What is the purpose of basis-path testing? | A) Exercise independent paths | B) Test every possible path | C) Test only invalid inputs | D) Replace requirements

A) Exercise independent paths | Explanation: Basis paths provide structured path coverage.

What must a new independent path add? | A) A new node or edge | B) A new tester | C) A new language | D) A new requirement

A) A new node or edge | Explanation: It must contribute new graph coverage.

What does branch testing require? | A) Both outcomes of each decision | B) Only true outcomes | C) Only statements | D) Every input

A) Both outcomes of each decision | Explanation: Branch coverage exercises each branch.

What can branch testing miss? | A) Simple-condition combinations in compound logic | B) The flow graph | C) All requirements | D) All test data

A) Simple-condition combinations in compound logic | Explanation: A compound condition can hide internal logic faults.

What does condition testing focus on? | A) Simple conditions inside compound expressions | B) Only deployment | C) Only closure | D) Only valid classes

A) Simple conditions inside compound expressions | Explanation: It examines Boolean variables, operators, and combinations.

Which loop case tests skipping the loop? | A) Zero iterations | B) One iteration | C) n iterations | D) n+1 iterations

A) Zero iterations | Explanation: Zero iterations exercises the loop-false path.

What is a def-clear path? | A) Definition to use with no redefinition | B) A path with no branches | C) A path with no nodes | D) Every state path

A) Definition to use with no redefinition | Explanation: Data-flow testing follows a definition to a use.

What does state testing use? | A) A finite-state machine | B) Only an EP table | C) Only a decision table | D) Only a test plan

A) A finite-state machine | Explanation: It tests states, transitions, inputs, and outputs.

Which is a state-machine defect? | A) Unreachable state | B) Valid boundary | C) Expected result | D) Test oracle

A) Unreachable state | Explanation: Unreachable and deadlock states are common defects.

What does syntax testing use? | A) A grammar or BNF graph | B) Only a state count | C) Only a database | D) Only a test plan

A) A grammar or BNF graph | Explanation: It generates valid and invalid command forms.

What is the main black-box versus white-box distinction? | A) Black box uses requirements; white box uses source structure | B) Black box uses source; white box uses requirements | C) Both use only users | D) Neither uses coverage

A) Black box uses requirements; white box uses source structure | Explanation: Their test bases are different.

What is an exit criterion? | A) A planned condition for deciding whether testing can stop | B) Proof of zero defects | C) A branch type | D) A component interface

A) A planned condition for deciding whether testing can stop | Explanation: Exit criteria use evidence such as coverage, defect rates, pass rates, schedule, and risk.