Grade 11 History: Nationalism Study Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Grade 11 History topics on Nationalism, including African, Afrikaner, Arab, and Jewish nationalisms.

Nation

A group of people who share a sense of identity, often through culture, language, history or traditions.

Nationalism

The belief that people who share an identity should unite and have the right to govern themselves.

Nation-state

An independent state associated with a nation and its identity.

Ethnic group

People who share common ancestry and distinctive cultural traditions.

Self-determination

The right of a people to decide their own political future and form of government.

Diaspora

People from a particular homeland who live scattered across other parts of the world.

Mandate

A territory administered by another power, with an expectation that it will eventually move towards self-government.

Partition

The division of a territory into separate political areas or states.

Imagined Community

A concept formulated by Benedict Anderson proposing that members of a nation will never meet most fellow members, yet hold an imagined image of their communion fostered by shared language, print media, and common national traditions.

African People's Organisation (APO)

A coloured political organisation established in Cape Town in 1902 that used petitions and delegations to defend political rights and oppose racial discrimination.

Dr Abdullah Abdurahman

Medical doctor, Cape Muslim leader, and founder of the APO who campaigned against segregation and defended the rights of coloured South Africans.

Union of South Africa (1910)

The unified white-dominated state created in 1910 by joining the Cape, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State, which excluded the majority of black South Africans from political power.

South African Native National Congress (SANNC)

An organisation formed on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein to unite Africans across regional, cultural, and linguistic lines to fight political exclusion, renamed the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923.

1913 Natives Land Act

Legislation restricting black South Africans from buying, renting, or using land outside designated reserves, which initially comprised about $7\%$ of the country's land and were later expanded to about $13\%$.

Atlantic Charter (1941)

A declaration by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt stating that people should have the right to choose their form of government, later cited by African nationalists to justify self-rule.

African Claims in South Africa (1943)

An ANC document demanding full citizenship, equal rights, fair land distribution, and an end to racial discrimination in South Africa.

Programme of Action (1949)

A policy framework initiated by the ANC Youth League calling for boycotts, strikes, and direct defiance against white minority rule and Apartheid.

Defiance Campaign (1952)

A mass protest campaign launched by the ANC against discriminatory Apartheid laws, including the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, and Bantu Education Act.

Freedom Charter (1955)

A manifesto adopted at the Congress of the People declaring that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and advocating a democratic, non-racial society.

Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

An Africanist political organisation formed in 1959 under Robert Sobukwe that broke away from the ANC over the Freedom Charter's non-racial stance.

Volk

An Afrikaans term signifying a nation or people, specifically used to refer to the Afrikaner national group.

Afrikaner Broederbond

A secret organisation founded in 1918 composed of professionals, teachers, and ministers aimed at defending Afrikaner identity, language, culture, and political ascendancy.

Carnegie Commission (1932)

A commission of inquiry whose report on white poverty led to economic protectionism, job preservation, and state support for poor Afrikaner workers.

Bantu Education Act (1953)

An Apartheid law that instituted a separate, substandard education system for black South Africans to limit their socioeconomic opportunities.

Apartheid

The formal policy of institutionalized racial segregation and white supremacy introduced by D.F. Malan's National Party following the 1948 election.

Zionism

The Jewish nationalist movement established in 1897 by Theodor Herzl that aimed to create a sovereign Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Theodor Herzl

Austrian Jewish journalist and activist who established the modern Zionist movement in 1897, advocating for a separate Jewish homeland due to ongoing European antisemitism.

Irgun

A militant Zionist paramilitary organisation that carried out armed attacks against British targets, including the July 1946 bombing of the King David Hotel.

Arab Nationalism

A political and cultural movement celebrating Arab civilization, language, and shared history, dedicated to securing self-government and removing Ottoman and European rule.

Arab Revolt (1916)

A World War One military campaign led by Sharif Hussein of Mecca and advised by British officer T.E. Lawrence against Ottoman control in the Middle East.

Hussein–McMahon Correspondence (1915)

An exchange of letters in which British High Commissioner Sir Henry McMahon pledged British support for post-war Arab independence, interpreted by Arabs as encompassing Palestine.

Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916)

A secret pact between Britain and France detailing the post-war partition of Ottoman Arab territories into French and British spheres of influence.

Balfour Declaration (1917)

A public letter by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour expressing British government support for the establishment of a 'national home for the Jewish people' in Palestine.

UN Partition Plan (1947)

United Nations Special Committee on Palestine proposal to partition Palestine into an Arab state ($43\%$ of territory) and a Jewish state ($57\%$ of territory), with Jerusalem under international regime.

Nakba

An Arabic term meaning 'catastrophe', used by Palestinians to describe their mass displacement, expulsion, and dispossession during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (1948)

A UN resolution stating that Palestinian refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace should be permitted to do so, or receive compensation if choosing not to return.

Six-Day War (1967)

A conflict in June 1967 wherein Israel launched a pre-emptive strike, capturing the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights.

UN Security Council Resolution 242

A resolution adopted following the 1967 Six-Day War calling for the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from occupied territories and the recognition of sovereignty and secure borders for all regional states.

Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)

A political umbrella group created in Cairo in 1964 to coordinate the Palestinian national movement, later led by Yasser Arafat.

First Intifada (1987–1993)

A Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem characterised by strikes, civil disobedience, and mass protests.

Oslo Accords (1993)

A peace framework negotiated between Israel and the PLO that established mutual recognition and initiated steps toward limited Palestinian self-governance.

Ba'ath Party

A secular Arab nationalist political party that took power in Syria in 1963, emphasizing unified Arab governance and strong state control.

Mono-economy

An economic system heavily dependent on a single agricultural or mineral export commodity, exemplified by the Gold Coast's reliance on cocoa.

United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)

A nationalist organisation formed in 1947 in the Gold Coast advocating constitutional methods to achieve self-government from British colonial rule.

Convention People's Party (CPP)

A radical mass political party founded by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949 that utilized boycotts and strikes to secure immediate self-government in the Gold Coast.

Pan-Africanism

A political and intellectual movement that advocates for the solidarity, self-reliance, and unification of African peoples and the worldwide African diaspora.