Chapter 7 - Multi-electron Species and Periodic Properties

Aufbau principle

mandates that electrons will occupy orbitals with the lowest available energy levels before occupying orbitals with higher energy levels

Hund’s rule

when orbitals that have the same energy are available, electrons occupy them singly with the same spin before being paired within an orbital

Pauli exclusion principle

no two electrons in an atom or ion may have the same four quantum numbers (same spin)

paramagnetic

species with one or more unpaired electrons

diamagnetic

species with no unpaired electrons