HDFS 5930 Exam 3

hallucinogens

marijuana, LSD, psilocybin, mescalin, DMT

alter sensory perception, induce visual and auditory hallucinations as they separate user from reality and disrupt thought processes

stimulants

nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, MDMA

make people feel more alert and energetic by boosting CNS activity

depressants

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, benzodiazepines

dampen activity in CNS

agonists

drug attaches to a receptor and produces neural actions that mimic or enhance those of a neurotransmitter

antagonists

block action of neurotransmitter

re-uptake enhancers/inhibitors

alters neural transmission by enhancing or inhibiting the reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse

binge drinking

5+ drinks on one occasion

heavy drinking

5+ occasions of binge drinking in the past month

blood alcohol level

amount of alcohol in the blood

death occurs at 0.35% or more

moderate alcohol use

no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 a day for women

physical effects of excessive alcohol use

brain shrinkage, inhibition of neurogenesis, effects on hippocampus, weakens immune system, disrupts growth hormone, promotion of fat deposits on heart muscle, promotes formation of ulcers and liver disease

psychological effects of excessive alcohol use

behavioral disinhibition, alcohol myopia, conflicts in interpersonal relationships, challenges in school and work, heightened pain and frustration sensitivity

vapes

contain nicotine, carcinogens, and toxic metal nanoparticles released from heating

harder to gauge dosage

not enough scientific research about consequences

tobacco use and abuse

single most preventable cause of illness, disability, and premature death

responsible for 1 in 5 US deaths

reduced life expectancy

increased heart rate, bp, bronchial congestion, respiratory infections

initiation smoking

starting or experimenting with tobacco use

maintenance of smoking

maintaining use, nicotine-titration model, affect management model

cessation smoking

stopping tobacco use

relapse smoking

restarting tobacco use after cessation

marijuana

can help relieve negative symptoms of aids, cancer, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and pain

health consequences: increased risk for lung disease, heart attacks, accidents

illicit drugs

opioids=depressants

highly addictive

increased availability=increased use and overdose

dependance

a state in which the drug is required for a person to function normally

tolerance

symptom of dependence

progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug

neuroadaptation

withdrawal

unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person abruptly ceases using certain drugs

biomedical addiction model

addiction as a disease

assumes a person inherits a biological vulnerability to physical dependance

genetic liability

evidence in twin and family studies, associations between neurotransmitter deficiencies and well being

reward addiction model

addiction as pleasure-seeking

dopamine hit

overstimulation of reward circuit, pleasure pathway nerves causes pleasurable “high” that leads to continuing drug usage

evidence: some drugs increase dopamine

social learning addiction model

addiction as a learned behavior

shaped by conditioning, learning, sociocultural, cognitive factors, motivations, intentions, attitudes, family, peers, media, neighborhoods, etc.

gateway drugs

people start with mild and easier substances and progress to more dangerous drugs in pursuit of more dopaminergic and pleasurable effects

prevention

preventing abuse from happening before it occurs (DARE)

treatment

stopping abuse after it has begun (AA)

harm reduction approaches

reduce certain health and safety issues associated with substance use (syringe services, naloxone distribution programs)

biological processes stress

physiological systems react

nervous system

psychological influences stress

how we appraise or think about events impact how stressed we feel, as well as how our health is impacted

personality traits

sociocultural factors stress

impact the types of stressor we are exposed to, how we appraise them, and ultimately how they affect us

social support

significant life event

big life disrupting events that cause great amounts of stress

Holes and Rah Life Change Units and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale

first systematic attempt to link stress to health

Daily Hassles

Most significant source of stress

persistent ones are a stronger predictor of health problems that either significant life events or the frequency of daily uplifts

features of stressors

controllability, predictability, persistence

features of stress appraisals

challenge versus threat appraisal

resources meet or fail to meet demands

adverse childhood experiences

exposure to early life stress and childhood trauma can have adverse consequences on health decades later

• individuals with higher were at higher risk for substance use, cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, poor mental health, and interpersonal and self-directed violence

stress of emerging adulthood

increase at this stage

frequently: move, change jobs, lack of career progress, move back home, living with romantic partner

body response to stressors

increased heart rate, dilated pupils, stress hormones released, digestion slows, increased blood flow to the muscles, stored energy to a form that is directly unusable by muscles

sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis

fast-acting endocrine response

sympathetic NS activates adrenal stress hormones

fight or flight

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis

slower acting endocrine response

body’s delayed response to stress, involving the secretion of corticosteroid hormones from adrenal cortex

returns to homeostasis

what can short term stress trigger in immune function

up regulation

what can long term stress trigger in immune function

suppressing immunity and increasing inflammation

reduced immune function follows

divorce, bereavement, unemployment, and exam periods

how does stress make you sick

more infections from flue, chickenpox, mono, and other viruses

autoimmune disorders

coronary artery disease

delayed wound healing

direct effect hypothesis stress to disease

immunosuppressant part of the body’s natural response to stress

HPA and SAM axes activate release of stress hormones

stress hormones bind to receptors on T and B cells and lymphocytes

indirect effect hypothesis stress to disease

stress may encourage maladaptive behaviors that disrupt immune functioning

substance use, poor sleep, exercise, and nutrition

allostatic load

cumulative long term effects of the body’s physiological response to stress

• decreased immunity and hippocampal size and function, increased abdominal fat, overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines

sex

assigned at birth, chromosomes,

intersex

XXY, XYY

gender

social and cultural construct

gender roles

traits, behaviors, and responsibilities shaped by sociocultural expectations based on an individuals gender Rosenthal

identity

how in your head experience and define your gender, based on how much you align with what you understand the options for gender to be

attraction

how you find yourself feeling drawn to some other people in sexual or romantic ways

expression

how you present gender

sex (genderbread)

physical traits you’re born with or develop that we think of as sex characteristics as well as that assigned of birth

social role theory

suggests that the division of labor creates norms about roles women and men fulfill - Eagly

gender based stigma’s influence

health disparities

caregiving

women primarily fulfil, men seek outside help

men 7x more likely to divorce wives following cancer diagnosis than women

consequences of female gender role for womens health

breast cancer → lack of femineity

young women who highly endorse traditional conceptions of femininity → lower conception and condom use + lower self esteem and greater depressive symptoms

consequence of male gender role for mens health

greater value on dominant male gender role → less wiling to seek counseling

undergrad men who feel masculinity threatened → higher rates of cardiovascular and metabolic disease

prostate cancer → threat to masculinity

women and sexism

greater adverse mental health outcomes and negative health habits

prejudice in health care → less likely to go to cancer screening and use health care when sick

women exposed to hostile sexism in lab setting → poor physiological reactions

minority stress model

stigmatized identities experience health disparities due to additive general life stressors and can occur at individual, interpersonal, and structural level

intersection in race/ethnicity and sexual minorities - sleep

black and Latino sexual minority men → shorter sleep