ap exam one

Anatomy

The study of structure; what and where things are in the body.

Physiology

The study of function; what processes or actions occur in the body.

Anatomical Position

A standard position of the body: standing, facing forward, feet parallel, arms at sides, and palms facing forward.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

Superficial

Near the surface of the body.

Deep

Farther away from the body surface.

Bilateral

Referring to both sides of the body.

Contralateral

Referring to opposite sides of the body.

Ipsilateral

Referring to the same side of the body.

Prone

Lying face down.

Supine

Lying face up.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into right and left sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

Thoracic Cavity

Cavity that contains the heart and lungs.

Mediastinum

Central compartment of the thoracic cavity.

Abdominal Cavity

Cavity that contains digestive organs.

Pelvic Cavity

Cavity that contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment in the body.

Negative Feedback

A process that reverses a deviation from the set point.

Acid

A substance that donates protons (H+ ions) in solution.

Base

A substance that accepts protons in solution.

Isotonic

Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell, causing no net water movement.

Hypertonic

Higher solute concentration outside the cell, leading to water leaving the cell.

Hypotonic

Lower solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to enter the cell.

Protein Synthesis

The process of building proteins based on mRNA instructions.

Transcription

The process of converting DNA to mRNA.

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA at the ribosome.

Codon

A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that corresponds to an amino acid.

Anticodon

A sequence of three tRNA nucleotides complementary to a codon.

Cytokinesis

The process during cell division in which the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.

Your wrist is distal to your elbow.

Your wrist is farther away from your trunk.

Prone

Lying face down on a surface.

supien

laying face up

• Frontal = forehead

• Orbital = eye

• Otic = ear

• Nasal = nose

• Oral = mouth

• Buccal = cheek

• Mental = chin

• Occipital = base of skull

• Nuchal = back of neck

• Cranial = skull

• Cervical = neck

Femoral → thigh

Patellar → kneecap

Popliteal → behind knee

Sural → calf

Plantar → sole

Calcaneal → heel

Visceral serous →

associated with the organ

Serous fluid =

thin lubricating film