Simple and Compound Machines

Simple Machine

An elementary mechanical device that changes the magnitude or direction of an applied force.

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

The factor by which a machine amplifies an applied input force.

Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA)

The theoretical force multiplication of a machine calculated from its geometric dimensions, assuming no energy is lost to friction.

Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA)

The real-world force multiplication achieved by a machine, accounting for force lost to friction.

Mechanical Efficiency

Measures the percentage of input work converted into useful output work.

First-Class Lever

A lever with the fulcrum in the middle, capable of multiplying force, distance/speed, or changing the force direction.

Second-Class Lever

A lever with the output load in the middle, which always multiplies force.

Third-Class Lever

A lever with the input effort in the middle, always trading force to gain speed and reach.

Inclined Plane

A flat surface tilted at an angle, enabling heavy loads to be raised using less effort.

Wedge

Consists of two inclined planes back-to-back, converting a forward driving force into a lateral splitting force.

Fixed Pulley

Anchored to a stationary point; changes the direction of force without altering the amount of force required.

Movable Pulley

Attached to the load; reduces the required input effort force in half while requiring double the rope length to be pulled.

Compound Machine

A machine formed by connecting two or more simple machines in series.

Angle of Repose

The maximum steepness angle at which a load can remain motionless on a slope due to static friction.

Self-Locking Mechanism

Occurs when internal friction prevents the load forces from driving the machine backward when the input force is removed.

Kinematic Chain

A concept in mechanical engineering analyzing compound machines made of interconnected links and kinematic pairs.

Antikythera Mechanism

An ancient Greek analog device used for astronomical purposes, exemplifying the complexity of early engineering.

Mass Production

A manufacturing process that uses standardized components and specialized labor to produce goods efficiently.

Digital Computing

The transition from physical gears in machinery to electronic circuits and automated software control.