unit 5 friday

cytoplasm

jelly like substance that fills the inside of a cell

organelles

membrane bound structures like mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus suspended within the fluid

cytosol

semi fluid water liquid rich in dissolved salts, proteins, and ions that make up the bulk of the cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

a network of protein filaments (microtubules and microfilaments) that gives the cell its shape and internal structure

outer membrane

surrounds the mitochondria

inner membrane

contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase

cristae

folds of the inner membrane that increase surface area

matrix

inn compartment where pyruvate oxidation and the critic acid cycle occur

intermembrane space

space between the two membrane where hydrogen ions accumulate during electron transport

mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

allow mitochondria to make some of their own proteins

mitochondria equals

ATP production

endothermic, endergonic, anabolic

absorbs heat, requires an input of free energy, builds larger molecules

exothermic, exergonic, catabolic

releases heat, releases free heat, breaks larger molecules into smaller ones

where is step 1 of glycolysis

in the cytosol

inputs for glycolysis

glucose

glycolysis produces

2 pyruvate

net 2 ATP

2 NADH + 2H

glycolysis if its anaerobic (no oxygen) produces

2 pyruvate convert to 2 lactate —- metabolic

glycolysis of aerobic (oxygen is present)

moves to pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate oxidation is located in

the mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate oxidation inputs

2 pyruvates and 2 coenzymes A molecules

pyruvate oxidation outputs

2 acetyl-CoA

2NADH + 2H

2 Co₂

citric acid cycle inputs

2 acetyl-CoA molecules

critic acid cycle outputs

2 ATP

4 Co₂

6 NADH + 6H

2 FADH₂

electron transport chain happens in

the inner mitochondrial membrane

electron transport chain inputs

10 NADH + 10H

2 FADH₂

electron transport chain outputs

22-34 ATP

metabolic water

oxygen in used up (26-38)

microfilaments — Actin

thin protein fibers

support microvilli

help with the movement and cytokinesis

connect to certain cell junctions

intermediate filaments — keratin and Lamins

provide strength and resist stretching

keratin helps reinforce attachments between cells, including desmosomes

Lamins support the inside of the nuclear envelope

microtubules — tubulin

hollow tubes that help organize and transport materials

form the mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes during cell division

form the internal structure of cilia and flagella

microvilli

actin supports the tiny projections that increase surface area for absorption

cell attachments

intermediate filaments strengthen desmosomes and helps cells resist pulling forces

cell division

microtubules move chromosomes; actin and myosin help divide the cytoplasm during cytokinesis

cilia

short and numerous

move material across a cells surface

example: move mucus out of the respiratory tract

flagella

usually longer and fewer

propel a cell

example: a sperm cells tail

tubulin

builds the microtubules

dynein

motor protein that uses ATP to male microtubules slide against each other

ATP

supplies energy for movement

Basal body

anchors the structure to the cell

motile cilia and flagella have

9 + 2 arrangement: nine outer pairs of microtubules around two central microtubules

dynein creates sliding forces

connections between microtubules turn those forces into bending

ribosomes

build proteins

rough ER

makes and begins processing many proteins; has attached ribosomes

smooth ER

makes lipids, help detoxify substances, and stores calcium

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

nucleus

stores DNA and is where transcription occurs

Nucleolus

makes rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits

vesicles

store and transport substances

lipid droplets

store fats for later use

lysosomes

digest material and recycle worn-out cell parts

peroxisomes

break down certain fatty acids and detoxify harmful substance

vacuoles

store materials, particularly prominent in plant cells

glycogen

broken into glucose units that enter glycolysis

lipids

triglycerides breaks into glycerol and fatty acids; fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to form acetyl—CoA