Protists

In ________ there was likely secondary endosymbiosis of red algae.

brown algae

Are protists eukaryotes?

Yes

What are the 5 main groups of protists?

Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastidia, Amoebozoa, Opisthoconta

What 3 groups make up SAR?

Stramenopila, Alveolate, Rhizaria

What 2 groups make up Excavata?

Diplomonads and Parabasalids

What are 5 general charactersistic of Excavata?

Unicellular, 2 or more flagella, Feeding groove (cava), May be mixotrophs, heterotrophs or parasitic, Many have chloroplasts acquired through secondary endosymbiosis

List 4 traits of Diplomonads

Lack mitochondira, Two haploid nuclei, Multiple flagellae, Have a hydrogenosome which is an organelle that produces anaerobic energy

Give an example of a diplomonad that causes human disease

Giardia

List 4 traits of Parabasalids

Undulating membrane, Mitochondria that is semi-functional, One nucleus, May be symbiotic or parasitic

What 2 groups make up Euglenozoans?

Euglenids and Kinetoplastids

What are two general charactersitics of Euglenozoans?

Lacks a cell wall allowing their body to change shape, Have mitochondria

List 5 traits of Euglenids

Free living, One long flagella and one short one, Photosensitive eye spot, Chloroplasts likely from secondary endosymbiosis of green algae. Contains chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, Asexual reproduction

List 3 traits of Kinetoplastids

All parasitic, Single large mitochonrion called a kinetoplastid, Contains minicircles and maxicircles of DNA linked into chains

What human diseases are cause by Kientoplastids?

trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, chagas disease

What 3 groups make up Alveolata?

Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and Ciliates

List 4 general traits of the group Alveolata

Outer membrane that secretes cellulose, Vesicles called alveoli form from inner membranes, Tricocysts or toxicysts (ejectable organelles) may be present, Can be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or parasitic

List 6 traits of Dinoflagellates

Unicellular, Photosynthetic, Cellulose plates, Two flagella, Important autotroph of ocean littoral zone, Can be bioluminescent and/or symbiotic

List 3 traits of Apicomplexans

Endoparasites, Flagellated gametes are the only form of locomation, Apical complex that allows them to invade a host

Give an example of Apicomplexans

Plasmodium, Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium

List 4 traits of Ciliates

Cilia that is either in rows or spirals around the cell, Micro and macronucleus, Form vacuoles to ingest food and maintain water balance, Sexual reproduction via conjugation

What 3 groups make up Stramenopila?

Brown algae, Diatoms, and Oomycetes

List 5 traits of Brown algae

Photosynthetic, Large and multicellular, Mostly marine dwelling, Haplodiplontic life cycle, in some species the gametophyte and sporophyte are identical, Lack differentiated tissues

List 7 traits of Diatoms

Photosynthetic, Important in littoral marine ecosystem, Found in marine, fresh water, and soil, Unicellular, Unique silica test, Variety of shapes, Reproduction via fission

List 3 traits of Oomycetes

Water molds, often plant parasites, motile zoospores

What 3 groups compose Rhizaria?

Radiolaria, Foraminifera, and Cercozoa

What are 4 general characteristics of Rhizaria?

Move with thread like or needle like pseudopodia, Unicellular, Marine or soil dwelling, Tests may be silica or calcium carbonate

List 6 traits of Radiolaria

Common marine plankton, Glassy silica test, Pseudopodia has long spiky projections used to regulate buoyancy, Heterotrophic, May have symbiotic zooxanthellae, Abundant in the fossil record

List 5 traits of Foraminifera

abundant marine creatures, Most are benthic, some are planktonic, Tests made of calcium carbonate, Podia used for swimming, feeding, and gathering material for their tests, Abundant in limestone deposits

List 4 traits of Cercozoa

Primarily soil dwelling, Silica based test, Locomotion with pseudopodia or flagella, Mostly heterotrophic, some have endosymbiotic cyanobacteria

What two groups make up Archaeplastidia?

Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta

List 4 traits of Rhodophyta

Can be microscopic or multicellular, Red colour from the pigment phycoerythrin, Most are marine dwelling, Lack flagella

List 6 traits of Chlorophyta

Can be unicellular, filamentous, foliose, or colonial, Mostly fresh water but can be marine dwelling, In the fossil record dating back to the Proterozoic era, Sexual and asexual reproduction, Haplontic and haplodiplontic life cycles, In ideal environment can become sessile

Colonial forms of green algae display what?

some specialized cells

List 5 traits of Charophytes

Closest living relative to land plants, Haplontic or haplodiplontic life cycle, Freshwater and terrestrial, Often found in hard water, Tissue contains calcium hydroxide in their tissues

Why are charophytes thought to be the closest living relative to land plants

Molecular evidence, Similar chloroplast structure, Plasmodesmata, Oogamy, Haplodiplontic life cycle

What 2 groups make up Amoebozoa?

Amoebas and Plasmodial Slime Moulds

List 5 traits of Amoebas

Locomotion using pseudopodia, Large nucleus and overall cell size, Heterotrophic, Free-living in fresh water and soil, or parasitic, Vacuoles for feeding and water balance

List 5 traits of Plasmodial Slime Moulds

Move as a plasmodium, Multinucleate, Terrestrial, Flow through porous materials, In poor conditions it will form spores

List 5 traits of Opisthokonta

Includes fungi, animals, and choanoflagellates, Unicellular, Aquatic, Flagellum and collar for filter feeding, Colonial forms are similar to sponges