Comprehensive Biology Review: Cell Division, Development, Physiology, and Reproduction

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cell division, mitosis, meiosis, embryonic development, renal regulation, respiratory volumes, and reproductive anatomy.

Cytokinesis

The phase of cell division during which the organelles and cytoplasm of a cell are pulled apart into $2$ new cells.

S phase

The specific phase of interphase in the cell cycle where DNA replication, duplication, or synthesis occurs.

Prophase (Mitosis)

The phase of mitosis where the cell condenses its DNA into chromosomes.

Metaphase (Mitosis)

The phase of mitosis during which sister chromatids align along the middle of the cell.

Anaphase (Mitosis)

The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase (Mitosis)

The phase of mitosis in which separated chromosomes form a nuclear membrane, producing two nuclei.

Chromosome

A cellular structure composed of DNA wrapped around proteins.

Proto-oncogene

A normal gene that promotes mitosis, which becomes an oncogene when mutated and can potentially cause cancer.

Tumor suppressor gene

A gene that controls and regulates the cell cycle.

Nondisjunction

An error during meiosis that most likely leads to an abnormal chromosome number in offspring.

Crossing over

A process occurring during prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic segments to introduce genetic diversity.

Anaphase I

The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate, forming two clusters of new chromosome combinations.

Anaphase II

The stage of meiosis during which sister chromatids separate.

Haploid Gamete

A reproductive cell produced by meiosis that contains half the chromosome number of a diploid cell (for example, $20$ chromosomes in a gamete from an organism with $40$ chromosomes in skin cells).

Blastula

An early embryonic developmental stage that is often a hollow ball of cells.

Inner cell mass

A cellular structure within the early embryo that serves as a source of embryonic stem cells.

Germ layers

The primary embryonic cell layers comprising the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm (the trophoblast is not a germ layer).

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A physiological regulatory system that controls blood pressure and blood volume.

Glomerular filtration rate

The rate at which fluid is filtered across the glomerulus of the kidney, which changes during severe blood loss and hemorrhage.

Lung volumes and capacities

Respiratory measurements that include tidal volume, vital capacity, and residual volume.

Tubal ligation

A surgical procedure in which a doctor cuts the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization.

Epididymis

An anatomical structure of the male reproductive system where sperm are stored before exiting to the subsequent tract.

Ovulation surge hormone

The hormone that surges immediately prior to ovulation, is required for ovulation to take place, and is detected by ovulation test kits.