Kinesiology and Biomechanics Exam 1 ( Lectures 1-4)

Kinematics

Branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body, without regard to the force or torques that may produce the motion.

Osteokinematics

Movement of the bone

Arthrokinematics

Joint movement/ motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of joints

Rotational movement

assumed rigid body moves in a circular path (angular motion) around a pivot point (AOR) - osteokinematics

Translational Movement

linear movement - arthrokinematics

Degrees of freedom

the number of independent directions of movement

Open Chain kinetics

non-fixed distal portion (leg extension machine)

Closed chain kinetics

fixed distal portion of the movement (deadlift)

ovoid surface

concave or convex surface

Sellar surface

both concave or convex

Synarthroses

fibrous joints (cranial sutures)

Diarthroses

synovial joints - cavity with a fluid (most common joint)

7 Elements of a synovial joint

Articular Cartilage

Joint Capsule

Synovial membrane

Ligaments

Blood vessels

Sensory nerves

Synovial Fluid

Examples of ovid joints

Hinge, Pivot, Ellipsoid, Ball and Socket, Planar, Condylar

Example(s) of Sellar joints

Saddle joint

The 3 basic movement types for arthrokinematics

Spin/pivot

Roll

Slide/glide

Spin movement

A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface.

Roll movement

Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

Glide movement

A single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface.

Ventral Flexion

anterior roll

Dorsal flexion

posterior roll

Concave on convex

Concave moving surface rolls and glides in the same direction

Convex on concave

Convex moving surface rolls and glides in the opposite direction

Concave-Convex Rule (CCR) application

1. Which bone is moving (reference point)

2. Joint surface characteristics (concave or convex)

3. Location of AOR

Axis of Rotation (AOR)

Axis is perpendicular to the place that bone is moving. The axis is typically located through the convex component of the joint.

Limitations to the CCR

Deep concavity or when the AOR passes through the area of contact between the articular surface.

Closed packed position

Maximal congruency

Maximal ligament/capsular tautness

Minimized volume/movement

Loose-packed postion

Least Congruency

Maximal slackening of ligaments/capsule

Least efficient for weight-bearing

Grade I Joint Play

Negate normal compressive forces

Grade II Joint Play

Taking up slack

Grade III Joint Play

Stretching

Purposes of muscle

Movement, Control Movement, and Consume body’s energy

Basic structural unit of muscle

Muscle fibers

Major determinant of max force generation

Net cross-sectional area of sarcomeres working in parallel

Major determinant of the range of excursion of a muscle fiber

the number of sarcromeres

Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

Extensive afferent and efferent innervation

High metabolic capacity

Outermost layer of muscle tissue

epimyseum

name of tissue surrounding the muscle fascicles and connects to the epimyseum

perimyseum

tissue name surrounding the muscle fibers individually

endomyseum

Example of a pennated muscle

deltoid

Characteristics of a more pennated muscle

less excursion

decreased speed of shortening

What is the primary determinant of force production in a muscle?

length-tension relationship or optimal length of the muscle

Muscle insufficiency

The state of a muscle that is too short or too long to produce functional amounts of force across > 2 joints

Active insufficiency (shortened position)

trying to exert force (concentric/eccentric) > 2 joints simultaneously

Passive insufficiency (lengthened position)

trying to exert force (concentric/eccentric) > 2 joints simultaneously - predominate LE strains

Force couples

two or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear directions, but the resulting torques act in the same rotatory direction

Synergists

muscles that cooperate during the execution of a particular motion

Hypertrophy

increasing the physiological cross-sectional area, volume of muscle tissue, and functional strength

Atrophy

decrease in physiological cross-sectional area, volume, and functional strength of muscle tissue

Adaptive changes to muscle length

chronic stretching or shortening, development of desired or undesired weakness or contractures (hardening of muscle fibers)

Spinal Motion Orientation

cranial on caudal

How many joints are within the thoracic joint complex?

11

What are the 11 joint complexes of the thoracic vertebra?

1 intervertebral joint

2 Zygapophyseal

2 Costovertebral

2 Costochondral

2 Chondrosternal

What’s the first rule of 3’s?

T1-3 SP and TP will be at the same level

What’s the second rule of 3’s?

T4-6 SP will be ½ level below TP

What’s the third rule of 3’s?

T7-9 SP will be a vertebral level below the TP

What’s the “fourth” rule of 3’s?

T10-12 TP’s and SP are at the same level (possible gradual return).

How is the thoracic mobility?

Limited due to IVD and the Ribs

How is thoracic motion dictated?

The orientation of the facet joints and the dictating motion of the rib cage. The IVDs are largely responsible for dictating the amount of motion.

What occurs to the IVD as we rotate?

Compression

The most restricted region of the thoracic spine?

T1-4 and T4-8

What portion of the thoracic spine has greater motion?

T8-12, especially T11-L1

What lumbar segments are the most commonly injured?

L4-5 or L5-S1

What is spinal coupling?

Side bending and Rotation occurring together

Coupled motion q and q

increased quality and quantity

non-coupled q and q

decreased quality and quantity

Coupling pattern for upper cervical spine

SB and rot. are coupled opposite side

Coupling pattern for lower cervical spine

SB and rot. are coupled to the same side

Lumbar Nordic coupling model

F - SS

N - OS

E - OS

Lumbar Osteopathic coupling model

F - SS

N - OS

E - SS

Thoracic Osteopathic coupling model

F - SS

N - OS

E - SS

Thoracic Nordic coupling model

F - SS

N - SS

E - OS

What is an example where we have a movement/exercise in a coupled pattern?

Med ball slam up and overs or functionally, a lacrosse shot/ tennis stroke

Where are the angles of the thoracic facet joints in space?

60 degrees horizontal and 20 degrees frontal

What happens to the superior facets as flexion occurs in a thoracic vertebra?

glide ventral/cranial, with a roll and translation

What happens to the superior facets as extension occurs in a thoracic vertebra?

glide dorsal/caudal, with a roll and translation dorsal

What makes gapping occur in the thoracic vertebrae?

SS side bending and OS rotation, the side we are bending away from

What makes compression occur in the thoracic vertebrae?

SS side bending and OS rotation, the side we are bending towards

Pump handle rip movement

Movement superiorly

Bucket handle rib movement

Movement inferiorly

Caliper rib movement

up and down motion of the 11th and 12th rib

What happens to the thoracic spine when we inhale?

Thoracic spinal extension

What happens to the thoracic spine when we exhale?

Thoracic spinal flexion

What occurs at the costotransverse joint of the thoracic spine when flexion occurs?

anterior rotation, surfer

What occurs at the costotransverse joint of the thoracic spine when extension occurs?

posterior rotation