cell unirt r2

1. Who discovered cells in 1665 using a simple light microscope?

robert hooke

2. What type of cells did Robert Hooke first observe?

cork cells

3. How does a light microscope magnify objects?

By using light and lenses

According to your notes, which microscope creates detailed 3D images of an object's surface using electrons?

electron mircoscope

Which of the following is part of the cell theory?

All living things are composed of cells.

What is the basic unit of structure and function in living things?

Cell

According to the cell theory, where do new cells come from?

Pre-existing cells

What is an organism made up of only one cell called?

Unicellular

Which four things do all cells have according to your notes?

Genetic code, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Whether a nucleus surrounds their DNA

Which group consists of prokaryotes according to your notes?

Bacteria

Which group contains only eukaryotes?

Protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Which structures form the boundary of a plant cell?

Cell wall and cell membrane

Which energy-related structures do animal cells have according to your notes?

Mitochondria only

What is the main job of the cell membrane?

Control materials entering and leaving the cell

What is the lipid bilayer made of?

Two layers of phospholipids

What material makes up the cell wall according to your notes?

Cellulose, a carbohydrateCellulose, a carbohydrate

Which structure is the cell's control center and contains genetic code?

Nucleus

Which cell structure makes ribosomes?

Nucleolus

Which statement correctly compares microfilaments and microtubules?

Microfilaments support cell shape and movement; microtubules help move cells and provide tracks for movement inside them.

What does the word “organelle” translate to?

Little organs

What is the main function of chloroplasts?

Perform photosynthesis

Which two substances are used in photosynthesis to produce glucose and oxygen?

Water and carbon dioxide

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Produce ATP through cellular respiration

Which substances are produced during cellular respiration according to your notes?

Carbon dioxide and water

Which statement describes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)?

It is covered in ribosomes and helps build, transport, and modify proteins.

Which function is associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)?

Modifying and detoxifying lipids and making steroids

What is one major function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifying and packaging proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

What is the function of a vesicle?

To transport macromolecules in a membrane package

What is the main function of a vacuole?

To store molecules

What do lysosomes use to break down materials?

Digestive enzymes

Which organelle helps create movement and divide the cell using specialized microtubules?

Centriole

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

Cilia are short fibers, while flagella are long fibers.

How do the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together?

They help process and transport proteins and other molecules using vesicles.

What is cell specialization?

The development of cells to perform specific functions

Which factors determine a cell's specialized functions according to your notes?

Its DNA, organelles, and shape

Which organelles help gland cells create and release hormones in vesicles?

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria?

To provide energy for movement

How do white blood cells use vacuoles and lysosomes to fight bacteria, according to your notes?

Vacuoles store bacteria, and lysosomes destroy them.

Why do plant cells have a large vacuole?

To store extra water

What is cellular transport?

The movement of molecules into and out of cells

What are the two main parts of the cell membrane listed in your notes?

Lipid bilayer and proteins

What is one function of membrane channel proteins?

Helping transport molecules and ions across the membrane

What do chemical receptor proteins allow cells to do?

Receive and respond to chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters

What does the fluid mosaic model describe?

The lipids and proteins in the membrane move around.

What does it mean that the cell membrane is semipermeable?

Some substances can pass through more easily than others.

What is concentration?

The amount of molecules in one area compared with another

In which direction do molecules naturally move during diffusion?

From higher concentration to lower concentration

What is equilibrium?

When concentrations become balanced

What is diffusion?

The passive movement of molecules toward equilibrium

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water molecules

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?

The solute concentrations are equal, so there is no net movement of water.

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

Water enters the cell, causing it to expand.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Passive transport in which channel proteins help molecules cross the membrane

What is the main difference between passive and active transport?

Passive transport does not require cellular energy, while active transport requires energy.

Which statement correctly describes active transport?

Molecules move against their concentration gradient, from lower to higher concentration, using energy such as ATP.

What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?

Exocytosis releases molecules out of the cell, while endocytosis brings molecules into the cell.

Which statement correctly compares phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Phagocytosis engulfs food or invaders, while pinocytosis takes fluids into the cell.

According to your notes, what happens when an action potential reaches the end of a neuron?

Neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis and then bind to receptor proteins on the next neuron.